Plutellidae, a family with only a limited number of species often enri terjemahan - Plutellidae, a family with only a limited number of species often enri Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Plutellidae, a family with only a l

Plutellidae, a family with only a limited number of species often enriched as a subfamily of the Yponomeutidae.

Plutella xylostella (= maculipennis) (L) is the well known Diamond Back Moth (Fig. 166), a truly cosmopolitan insect occurring in troopical, subtropis cal as well as temperate regions. In indonesia its is restricted to the hills and mountains. It feeds on many varieties of cabbage, and several other cruciferistic : leaves of young plants are also eaten, especially if larvae of another pest, the caterpillar Crocidolomia, are absent. The main vein is untouched but the reminder of the leaf has a frayed apperance.

Initially newly hatched caterpillars mine within the leaves for a few days. The full-grown caterpillar can be distinguished from other cabbage pest because of the absence of longitudinal stripes on the body. The head is yellowish, bears dark spots, and the light-green body show sparsely distributed black hair-bearing tubercles. The larva grows up to 9 mm and reacts violenty when touched. The pupa lies in a white, open mesh, and spool-shaped cocoon. The moths (Fig.166) rest at daytime and at dusk make brief massed flight and the resettle. They live for 2-4 weeks, egg production is 180-300 per jantan. The eggs are laid separately on the lower leaf surface. At a height of 250 m total development takes 12-15 days; at 1100 m (where most cabbage is grown) 20-25 days.

The diamond back mothis a striking example of a potentially serious pest normally held in check by parasites,especially ichneumonids of the genus Diadegma (=Angitia). Introduction in 1931 of the most important European parasite, D. Fenestralis (Holmgr.) nto Indonesia failed. Another sp,D. Eucerophaga Horstm. (= cerophaga Grav.) was introduced from England to New Zealand in 1938 and was established in the subtropical Southern Island. It gradually spread over ton the North-Island of New Zealand which is more tropical, and was transferred from there toIndonesia in 1950. This introduction wasan immediate succes (Vos, 1953) . In circumtances where insecticides could not be used, for instance where moth had developeresistance against DDT, the pest could be controlled by the parasite.

Sudarwohadi & Eveleens (1977) did a survey about the present situation : in West Java, the parasite was established and an average of 60-80% parasitism was found which was often sufficient to control the pest. The effectiveness differs in various regions. In North Sumatra the introduction had failed, and the parasite was no more present, possibly killed by chemical control. In South Sulawesi, the parasite was lacking. In Malaysia a larval parasite of Plutella was found, the braconid wasp Apantales plutellae Kurdj. (Lim & Ko, 1975). The rate of parasitism is fairly high, averaging 36%, at times reaching up to 100%. Mass production and field liberation of this parasite haaas been reported in Taiwan.

P. sera Meyr. occurs from India to Australia and New Zealand, and has been found in Java at 700 and on 1500 m. In India the sp is reported on turnip plants where they were mistaken for the Diamond Back Moth. It is also possible that the spp have been misidentified in Indonesia.

YPONOMEUTIDAE vary much in size and biology; some genera of spp of minor importance live in flower buds, infruits, or tunnel in bark
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Plutellidae, Keluarga dengan hanya sejumlah terbatas spesies sering diperkaya sebagai subfamili Yponomeutidae.Plutella xylostella (= maculipennis) (L) adalah terkenal Diamond kembali ngengat (Fig. 166), benar-benar kosmopolitan serangga yang terjadi di troopical, subtropis cal sebagai baik sebagai iklim daerah. Di indonesia yang dibatasi ke bukit dan pegunungan. Hal feed pada banyak jenis kubis, dan beberapa lainnya cruciferistic: daun dari tanaman muda juga dimakan, terutama jika larva lain hama, ulat Crocidolomia, tidaklah ada. Vena utama tak tersentuh tetapi pengingat daun memiliki penampilan berjumbai.Awalnya baru menetas ulat tambang dalam daun selama beberapa hari. Ulat dewasa mengambil dapat dibedakan dari hama kubis lain karena tidak adanya garis-garis longitudinal pada tubuh. Kepala kekuningan, bintik-bintik gelap beruang, dan tubuh cahaya-hijau menunjukkan tuberkel rambut-bantalan hitam jarang didistribusikan. Larva tumbuh hingga 9 mm dan bereaksi violenty ketika menyentuh. Kepompong terletak di putih, buka mesh, dan berbentuk spul kepompong. Sisanya ngengat (Fig.166) di siang hari dan saat senja membuat penerbangan singkat berkumpul dan menenangkan. Mereka hidup untuk 2-4 minggu, produksi telur 180 – 300 per jantan. Telur yang diletakkan secara terpisah pada permukaan daun bawah. Pada ketinggian 250 m total pengembangan berlangsung hari 12-15; 1100 m (di mana kebanyakan kubis tumbuh) 20-25 hari.Mothis kembali berlian contoh yang mencolok hama yang berpotensi serius biasanya diadakan di cek oleh parasit, terutama ichneumonids dari genus Diadegma (= Angitia). Pengenalan pada tahun 1931 parasit Eropa paling penting, D. Fenestralis (Holmgr.) nuntuk Indonesia gagal. Lain sp, D. Eucerophaga Horstm. (= cerophaga kelabu.) diperkenalkan dari Inggris ke New Zealand pada tahun 1938 dan didirikan di Pulau Selatan subtropis. Itu secara bertahap menyebar ton utara-pulau dari Selandia Baru yang lebih tropis, dan dipindahkan dari sana toIndonesia pada tahun 1950. Ini pengantar wasan segera succes (Vos, 1953). Dalam keadaan yang mana insektisida tidak bisa dipakai, misalnya mana ngengat telah developeresistance melawan DDT, wereng dapat dikendalikan oleh parasit.Sudarwohadi & Eveleens (1977) melakukan survei tentang situasi sekarang: di Jawa Barat, parasit didirikan dan rata-rata 60-80% parasitisme ditemukan yang adalah sering cukup untuk mengendalikan hama. Efektivitas berbeda di berbagai daerah. Di Sumatera Utara pengenalan telah gagal, dan parasit adalah hadir lagi, mungkin dibunuh oleh pengendalian kimia. Di Sulawesi Selatan parasit kurang. Di Malaysia parasit larva dari Plutella ditemukan, braconid tawon Apantales plutellae Kurdj. (Lim & Ko, 1975). Tingkat parasitisme cukup tinggi, rata-rata 36%, kadang-kadang mencapai hingga 100%. Produksi massal dan pembebasan bidang haaas parasit ini telah dilaporkan di Taiwan.P. sera Meyr. terjadi dari India ke Australia dan Selandia Baru, dan telah ditemukan di Jawa pada 700 dan 1500 m. Di India sp dilaporkan pada tanaman lobak yang mana mereka adalah keliru untuk Diamond kembali ngengat. Hal ini juga mungkin bahwa spp telah disalahfaham di Indonesia.YPONOMEUTIDAE berbeda jauh dalam ukuran dan biologi; beberapa genera spp pentingnya kecil tinggal di kuncup bunga, infruits, atau terowongan di kulit
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