In every country, the central government collects only part of the tot terjemahan - In every country, the central government collects only part of the tot Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

In every country, the central gover

In every country, the central government collects only part of the total
national tax revenues and does only part of the national public spending.
The remainder of taxation and spending is done by subnational governments,
such as state and local governments in the United States. Relative to other
developed countries, the United States places a large share of governmental
responsibilities on its subnational governments. This chapter presented a theory to explain why spending might be divided between national and subnational
governments. When spending is on goods for which local preferences are relatively
similar, and where most residents can benefit from those goods, the
Tiebout model suggests that the spending should be done locally. When
spending is for goods that benefit only a minority of the population, such as
income redistribution, the Tiebout model suggests that it might be difficult to
do this spending locally because the majority of people who do not benefit
will “vote with their feet” and move elsewhere. These outcomes are consistent
with the division of responsibility for spending on education and public safety
(local) and redistribution (national). In addition, if spending has external effects
on other communities, local provision may be inefficient as well, which is consistent
with the financing of education in the United States shared between
local and state governments, although it raises the question of whether the
federal government should play a larger role.
Higher levels of government may not believe the conclusions of the idealized
Tiebout model, in which case they will want to redistribute across lower
levels of government. If the higher -level government decides that it wants to
redistribute across lower levels, it can do so through several different types of
grants. The appropriate choice depends on the goal (redistributing to offset
Tiebout failures or redistributing to offset externalities).
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In every country, the central government collects only part of the totalnational tax revenues and does only part of the national public spending.The remainder of taxation and spending is done by subnational governments,such as state and local governments in the United States. Relative to otherdeveloped countries, the United States places a large share of governmentalresponsibilities on its subnational governments. This chapter presented a theory to explain why spending might be divided between national and subnationalgovernments. When spending is on goods for which local preferences are relativelysimilar, and where most residents can benefit from those goods, theTiebout model suggests that the spending should be done locally. Whenspending is for goods that benefit only a minority of the population, such asincome redistribution, the Tiebout model suggests that it might be difficult todo this spending locally because the majority of people who do not benefitwill “vote with their feet” and move elsewhere. These outcomes are consistentwith the division of responsibility for spending on education and public safety(local) and redistribution (national). In addition, if spending has external effectson other communities, local provision may be inefficient as well, which is consistentwith the financing of education in the United States shared betweenlocal and state governments, although it raises the question of whether thefederal government should play a larger role.Higher levels of government may not believe the conclusions of the idealizedTiebout model, in which case they will want to redistribute across lowerlevels of government. If the higher -level government decides that it wants toredistribute across lower levels, it can do so through several different types ofgrants. The appropriate choice depends on the goal (redistributing to offsetTiebout failures or redistributing to offset externalities).
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Di setiap negara, pemerintah pusat hanya mengumpulkan bagian dari total
pendapatan pajak nasional dan melakukan hanya bagian dari belanja publik nasional.
Sisa dari perpajakan dan pengeluaran yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah,
seperti pemerintah negara bagian dan lokal di Amerika Serikat. Sehubungan dengan lainnya
negara-negara maju, Amerika Serikat menempatkan bagian besar dari pemerintah
tanggung jawab atas pemerintah daerah nya. Bab ini disajikan teori untuk menjelaskan mengapa belanja mungkin dibagi antara nasional dan subnasional
pemerintah. Ketika pengeluaran atas barang yang preferensi lokal relatif
sama, dan di mana sebagian besar penduduk bisa mendapatkan keuntungan dari barang-barang, yang
Model Tiebout menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran harus dilakukan secara lokal. Ketika
belanja untuk barang-barang yang hanya menguntungkan sebagian kecil penduduk, seperti
redistribusi pendapatan, model Tiebout menunjukkan bahwa mungkin akan sulit untuk
melakukan pengeluaran ini secara lokal karena mayoritas orang yang tidak menguntungkan
akan "suara dengan kaki mereka" dan pindah ke tempat lain. Hasil ini konsisten
dengan pembagian tanggung jawab untuk pengeluaran pendidikan dan keselamatan umum
(lokal) dan redistribusi (nasional). Selain itu, jika belanja memiliki efek eksternal
pada masyarakat lain, penyediaan lokal mungkin tidak efisien juga, yang konsisten
dengan pembiayaan pendidikan di Amerika Serikat bersama antara
pemerintah daerah dan negara, meskipun menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah
pemerintah federal harus memainkan peran yang lebih besar.
Tingginya tingkat pemerintah mungkin tidak percaya kesimpulan dari ideal
Model Tiebout, dalam hal ini mereka akan ingin mendistribusikan seluruh rendah
tingkat pemerintahan. Jika pemerintah -tingkat tinggi memutuskan bahwa ia ingin
mendistribusikan seluruh tingkat yang lebih rendah, dapat melakukannya melalui beberapa jenis
hibah. Pilihan yang tepat tergantung pada tujuan (mendistribusikan untuk mengimbangi
kegagalan Tiebout atau mendistribusikan untuk mengimbangi eksternalitas).
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