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Our major findings include the following: (1) the bid–ask spreads shift positively with the exchange rate volatility and negatively with trading activity; (2) a U-shaped pattern of spreads exists in the Tokyo trading hours and an inverted U-shaped pattern of spreads exists in the London trading hours; (3) unexpected news arrivals positively affect the bid–ask spreads for all noninstitutional ordinary trading hours and also at the time of the New York market open, lunch and close; (4) an inverted U-shaped pattern exists in the volatility of spreads which may be caused by the unexpected news arrivals. The remainder of this article is organized as follows. Section II introduces the special features of EBS data. Section III presents our specifications of the P-GARCH model. Section IV explains and explores the estimated results and Section V concludes.
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