Select Appropriate PersonnelIt is essential to know not only who is re terjemahan - Select Appropriate PersonnelIt is essential to know not only who is re Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Select Appropriate PersonnelIt is e

Select Appropriate Personnel
It is essential to know not only who is responsible for overseeing the surveillance
activities but also who will be providing the data, collecting and tabulating the data, analyzing and preparing the data for display, and, finally, who
will be interpreting these data and disseminating them to those who need
to know. For example, information for technically oriented public health
workers may not take the same form as information for policy-makers (CDC
1993b). The entire surveillance system in a small area may have only one
person doing essentially all these tasks. At the state, regional, and national
levels, several persons will likely be involved in the surveillance of specific
health events. In an acute outbreak setting, a large number of people at
various professional levels may be involved in starting and conducting the
necessary surveillance. As time progresses and the epidemic becomes better
understood, the participants will likely assume a more well-defined and permanent
role.
Acquire Tools and Clearances for Collection,
Analysis, and Dissemination
Before establishing any surveillance system, whether an emergency assessment
during a field investigation or a process of continued monitoring for
months or years to come, the public health practitioner should first be very
clear about the legal aspects of such a plan. In most instances, surveillance is
conducted under the aegis of state health laws or regulations, rather than
federal legislation. In epidemic investigations, the field team is usually given
oral approval for setting up emergency surveillance systems, but when longterm
programs of surveillance evolve into a longer-term study with generalizable
results, suitable review for informed consent and human subjects issues
may be required.
Confidentiality of data and the public's right to know information influencing
health can be in conflict with each other, and these must be carefully
considered at all steps in the surveillance process (Gostin et al. 1996). Usually,
many persons are involved at each level of surveillance, including individuals
in the community; patients (both within and outside of institutions); practitioners,
including physicians, nurses, and others involved in the health care
delivery system; members of the local health department; and, of course,
members of one's immediate staff. Failure to recognize potential conflicts of
interest or unacceptability of reporting to any of these persons could derail the
surveillance process.
The capability of computers and technology creates great opportunity
for surveillance activities (Lasker et al. 1995; Baker and Ross 1996). Highcapacity
storage devices, networks, new programming tools, video capacity,
and enhanced transmission capabilities all offer tremendous benefit to surveillance.
However, the utility of such tools will likely require education, as well
as changes in societal expectation and mandatory statute (Dean et al. 1994).
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Select Appropriate PersonnelIt is essential to know not only who is responsible for overseeing the surveillanceactivities but also who will be providing the data, collecting and tabulating the data, analyzing and preparing the data for display, and, finally, whowill be interpreting these data and disseminating them to those who needto know. For example, information for technically oriented public healthworkers may not take the same form as information for policy-makers (CDC1993b). The entire surveillance system in a small area may have only oneperson doing essentially all these tasks. At the state, regional, and nationallevels, several persons will likely be involved in the surveillance of specifichealth events. In an acute outbreak setting, a large number of people atvarious professional levels may be involved in starting and conducting thenecessary surveillance. As time progresses and the epidemic becomes betterunderstood, the participants will likely assume a more well-defined and permanentrole.Acquire Tools and Clearances for Collection,Analysis, and DisseminationBefore establishing any surveillance system, whether an emergency assessmentduring a field investigation or a process of continued monitoring formonths or years to come, the public health practitioner should first be veryclear about the legal aspects of such a plan. In most instances, surveillance isconducted under the aegis of state health laws or regulations, rather thanfederal legislation. In epidemic investigations, the field team is usually givenoral approval for setting up emergency surveillance systems, but when longtermprograms of surveillance evolve into a longer-term study with generalizableresults, suitable review for informed consent and human subjects issuesmay be required.Confidentiality of data and the public's right to know information influencinghealth can be in conflict with each other, and these must be carefullyconsidered at all steps in the surveillance process (Gostin et al. 1996). Usually,many persons are involved at each level of surveillance, including individualsin the community; patients (both within and outside of institutions); practitioners,including physicians, nurses, and others involved in the health caredelivery system; members of the local health department; and, of course,members of one's immediate staff. Failure to recognize potential conflicts ofinterest or unacceptability of reporting to any of these persons could derail thesurveillance process.The capability of computers and technology creates great opportunityfor surveillance activities (Lasker et al. 1995; Baker and Ross 1996). Highcapacitystorage devices, networks, new programming tools, video capacity,and enhanced transmission capabilities all offer tremendous benefit to surveillance.However, the utility of such tools will likely require education, as wellas changes in societal expectation and mandatory statute (Dean et al. 1994).
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Pilih Personil yang tepat
Sangat penting untuk mengetahui tidak hanya yang bertanggung jawab untuk mengawasi pengawasan
kegiatan tetapi juga yang akan menyediakan data, pengumpulan dan tabulasi data, menganalisis dan mempersiapkan data untuk tampilan, dan, akhirnya, yang
akan menafsirkan ini data dan menyebarkan mereka untuk orang-orang yang membutuhkan
tahu. Misalnya, informasi untuk berorientasi teknis kesehatan masyarakat
pekerja mungkin tidak mengambil bentuk yang sama seperti informasi bagi para pembuat kebijakan (CDC
1993b). Sistem pengawasan seluruh di daerah kecil mungkin hanya memiliki satu
orang yang melakukan dasarnya semua tugas ini. Pada negara, regional, dan nasional
tingkat, beberapa orang mungkin akan terlibat dalam pengawasan khusus
peristiwa kesehatan. Dalam pengaturan wabah akut, sejumlah besar orang di
berbagai tingkatan profesional mungkin terlibat dalam memulai dan melakukan
pengawasan yang diperlukan. Seperti waktu berjalan dan epidemi menjadi lebih baik
dipahami, peserta kemungkinan akan menganggap lebih jelas dan permanen
peran.
Memperoleh Alat dan Jarak bebas untuk Koleksi,
Analisis, dan Diseminasi
Sebelum mendirikan sistem pengawasan, apakah penilaian darurat
selama investigasi lapangan atau proses monitoring berlangsung selama
berbulan-bulan atau tahun-tahun mendatang, praktisi kesehatan publik pertama harus sangat
jelas tentang aspek hukum rencana tersebut. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, pengawasan ini
dilakukan di bawah naungan hukum kesehatan negara atau peraturan, bukan
undang-undang federal. Dalam penyelidikan epidemi, tim lapangan biasanya diberikan
persetujuan oral untuk menyiapkan sistem pengawasan darurat, tetapi ketika jangka panjang
program surveilans berkembang menjadi sebuah studi jangka panjang dengan digeneralisasikan
hasil, review cocok untuk masalah informed consent dan subyek manusia
mungkin diperlukan.
Kerahasiaan data dan hak publik untuk mengetahui informasi mempengaruhi
kesehatan dapat bertentangan satu sama lain, dan ini harus hati-hati
dipertimbangkan pada semua langkah dalam proses pengawasan (Gostin et al. 1996). Biasanya,
banyak orang yang terlibat pada setiap tingkat pengawasan, termasuk individu-individu
dalam masyarakat; pasien (baik di dalam maupun di luar lembaga); praktisi,
termasuk dokter, perawat, dan lain-lain yang terlibat dalam perawatan kesehatan
sistem pengiriman; anggota departemen kesehatan setempat; dan, tentu saja,
anggota seseorang staf langsung. Kegagalan untuk mengenali potensi konflik
kepentingan atau tidak dapat diterima pelaporan ke salah satu orang-orang ini bisa
menggagalkan. Proses pengawasan
Kemampuan komputer dan teknologi menciptakan kesempatan besar
untuk kegiatan surveilans (Lasker et al 1995;. Baker dan Ross 1996). Berkapasitas tinggi
perangkat penyimpanan, jaringan, tool pemrograman baru, kapasitas video,
dan meningkatkan kemampuan transmisi semua menawarkan manfaat yang luar biasa untuk pengawasan.
Namun, kegunaan alat tersebut kemungkinan akan membutuhkan pendidikan, serta
perubahan dalam harapan masyarakat dan undang-undang wajib (Dean et al . 1994).
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