ORGANIC PETROLOGICAL METHODS 2.1 EARLY STUDIESThe first organic petrol terjemahan - ORGANIC PETROLOGICAL METHODS 2.1 EARLY STUDIESThe first organic petrol Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

ORGANIC PETROLOGICAL METHODS 2.1 EA

ORGANIC PETROLOGICAL METHODS 2.1 EARLY STUDIES
The first organic petrological studies were undertaken in Britain in the middle part of the 19th century (Murchison, 1978). They relied upon the use of thin sections and none of the
researchers had any formal training in geology, nor did they practice as geologists, hence the title of the 1978 paper by Murchison. The work of Stopes (1919) is commonly taken to mark a new phase of interest in coal by geologists and in petrological techniques for studying coal but had been in parallel with the use of two relatively difficult and less productive techniques, flame etching followed by reflected light microscopy (Winter, 1913; Seyler, 1929) and thin section methods (Thiessen, 1920; Lomax, 1925). Flame etching proved useful for studies on palaeobotany and thin section methods were developed to a full system permitting analysis of coals. The difficulty of making thin sections, the opaque character of some components even at low rank and the opacity of medium and high rank coals restricted the usefulness of thin section methods.
Reflected light methods suffered from the low optical contrast between components using air immersion (dry) lenses and the high glare from a combination of the early opaque illuminators and the low quality of early oil immersion lenses. The German school, working closely with the German microscope firms of Leitz and Zeiss succeeded in developing a suitable illuminator (the Berek prism) and low glare oil immersion lenses for use in reflected light. The realisation that much of the work required only medium power lenses was a critical factor in the development of reflected light techniques.
Images could be obtained with air immersion lenses but with them the contrast between the various components within coals is very low. Oil immersion lenses gave sufficient contrast to allow resolution in reflected light of the three maceral groups, vitrinite, inertinite and liptinite (initially termed exinite). The recognition of these was a logical outcome of Stopes' early work on lithotypes and the maceral system was published by her in 1935. Two other tools essential to organic petrology were invented in the 1930's and manufactured by Ernst Leitz of Wetzlar.
The development of the six spindle integrating stage and the Berek Photometer, respectively, permitted the quantitative assessment of type and rank. Both have been replaced by newer instruments (respectively, the point counter and the photomultiplier photometer) that give essentially the same information, but much more quickly and accurately. In turn point counters and photomultipliers are being replaced by newer methods of determining percentages of components and their reflectances.
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ORGANIC PETROLOGICAL METHODS 2.1 EARLY STUDIESThe first organic petrological studies were undertaken in Britain in the middle part of the 19th century (Murchison, 1978). They relied upon the use of thin sections and none of theresearchers had any formal training in geology, nor did they practice as geologists, hence the title of the 1978 paper by Murchison. The work of Stopes (1919) is commonly taken to mark a new phase of interest in coal by geologists and in petrological techniques for studying coal but had been in parallel with the use of two relatively difficult and less productive techniques, flame etching followed by reflected light microscopy (Winter, 1913; Seyler, 1929) and thin section methods (Thiessen, 1920; Lomax, 1925). Flame etching proved useful for studies on palaeobotany and thin section methods were developed to a full system permitting analysis of coals. The difficulty of making thin sections, the opaque character of some components even at low rank and the opacity of medium and high rank coals restricted the usefulness of thin section methods.Reflected light methods suffered from the low optical contrast between components using air immersion (dry) lenses and the high glare from a combination of the early opaque illuminators and the low quality of early oil immersion lenses. The German school, working closely with the German microscope firms of Leitz and Zeiss succeeded in developing a suitable illuminator (the Berek prism) and low glare oil immersion lenses for use in reflected light. The realisation that much of the work required only medium power lenses was a critical factor in the development of reflected light techniques.Images could be obtained with air immersion lenses but with them the contrast between the various components within coals is very low. Oil immersion lenses gave sufficient contrast to allow resolution in reflected light of the three maceral groups, vitrinite, inertinite and liptinite (initially termed exinite). The recognition of these was a logical outcome of Stopes' early work on lithotypes and the maceral system was published by her in 1935. Two other tools essential to organic petrology were invented in the 1930's and manufactured by Ernst Leitz of Wetzlar.The development of the six spindle integrating stage and the Berek Photometer, respectively, permitted the quantitative assessment of type and rank. Both have been replaced by newer instruments (respectively, the point counter and the photomultiplier photometer) that give essentially the same information, but much more quickly and accurately. In turn point counters and photomultipliers are being replaced by newer methods of determining percentages of components and their reflectances.
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ORGANIK petrologi METODE 2.1 DINI STUDI
Studi petrologi organik pertama dilakukan di Inggris di bagian pertengahan abad ke-19 (Murchison, 1978). Mereka mengandalkan pada penggunaan bagian tipis dan tidak ada
peneliti memiliki pelatihan formal dalam geologi, juga tidak berpraktik sebagai ahli geologi, maka judul 1978 kertas oleh Murchison. Karya Stopes (1919) umumnya diambil untuk menandai fase baru yang menarik di batubara oleh ahli geologi dan teknik petrologi untuk mempelajari batu bara tetapi telah secara paralel dengan menggunakan dua teknik yang relatif sulit dan kurang produktif, etsa api diikuti oleh tercermin mikroskop cahaya (Musim Dingin 1913; Seyler, 1929) dan metode tipis bagian (Thiessen, 1920; Lomax, 1925). Api etsa terbukti berguna untuk studi tentang Palaeobotany dan metode sayatan tipis dikembangkan untuk sistem penuh analisis bara memungkinkan. Kesulitan membuat bagian tipis, karakter buram beberapa komponen bahkan pada peringkat rendah dan opacity menengah dan peringkat tinggi bara dibatasi kegunaan metode bagian tipis.
Metode cahaya Tercermin menderita kontras optik rendah antara komponen menggunakan perendaman udara (kering ) lensa dan silau yang tinggi dari kombinasi dari iluminator buram awal dan rendahnya kualitas lensa minyak imersi awal. Sekolah Jerman, bekerja sama dengan perusahaan-perusahaan mikroskop Jerman Leitz dan Zeiss berhasil mengembangkan illuminator cocok (prisma Berek) dan lensa minyak imersi rendah silau untuk digunakan dalam cahaya yang dipantulkan. Kesadaran bahwa banyak pekerjaan yang diperlukan hanya lensa kekuatan media merupakan faktor penting dalam pengembangan tercermin teknik cahaya.
Gambar bisa diperoleh dengan lensa perendaman udara tetapi dengan mereka yang kontras antara berbagai komponen dalam bara sangat rendah. Lensa minyak imersi memberikan kontras yang cukup untuk memungkinkan resolusi cahaya yang dipantulkan dari tiga kelompok maseral, vitrinit, inertinit dan liptinite (awalnya disebut exinite). Pengakuan ini adalah hasil logis dari karya awal Stopes 'pada litotipe dan sistem maseral diterbitkan oleh dia pada tahun 1935. Dua alat lain yang penting untuk petrologi organik diciptakan pada tahun 1930 dan diproduksi oleh Ernst Leitz Wetzlar.
Perkembangan enam spindle mengintegrasikan panggung dan Berek Fotometer, masing-masing, diizinkan penilaian kuantitatif jenis dan peringkat. Kedua telah digantikan oleh instrumen baru (masing-masing, titik counter dan fotometer photomultiplier) yang memberikan dasarnya informasi yang sama, tetapi jauh lebih cepat dan akurat. Pada gilirannya titik counter dan photomultipliers digantikan oleh metode baru untuk menentukan persentase komponen dan reflectances mereka.
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