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ORGANIC PETROLOGICAL METHODS 2.1 EARLY STUDIESThe first organic petrological studies were undertaken in Britain in the middle part of the 19th century (Murchison, 1978). They relied upon the use of thin sections and none of theresearchers had any formal training in geology, nor did they practice as geologists, hence the title of the 1978 paper by Murchison. The work of Stopes (1919) is commonly taken to mark a new phase of interest in coal by geologists and in petrological techniques for studying coal but had been in parallel with the use of two relatively difficult and less productive techniques, flame etching followed by reflected light microscopy (Winter, 1913; Seyler, 1929) and thin section methods (Thiessen, 1920; Lomax, 1925). Flame etching proved useful for studies on palaeobotany and thin section methods were developed to a full system permitting analysis of coals. The difficulty of making thin sections, the opaque character of some components even at low rank and the opacity of medium and high rank coals restricted the usefulness of thin section methods.Reflected light methods suffered from the low optical contrast between components using air immersion (dry) lenses and the high glare from a combination of the early opaque illuminators and the low quality of early oil immersion lenses. The German school, working closely with the German microscope firms of Leitz and Zeiss succeeded in developing a suitable illuminator (the Berek prism) and low glare oil immersion lenses for use in reflected light. The realisation that much of the work required only medium power lenses was a critical factor in the development of reflected light techniques.Images could be obtained with air immersion lenses but with them the contrast between the various components within coals is very low. Oil immersion lenses gave sufficient contrast to allow resolution in reflected light of the three maceral groups, vitrinite, inertinite and liptinite (initially termed exinite). The recognition of these was a logical outcome of Stopes' early work on lithotypes and the maceral system was published by her in 1935. Two other tools essential to organic petrology were invented in the 1930's and manufactured by Ernst Leitz of Wetzlar.The development of the six spindle integrating stage and the Berek Photometer, respectively, permitted the quantitative assessment of type and rank. Both have been replaced by newer instruments (respectively, the point counter and the photomultiplier photometer) that give essentially the same information, but much more quickly and accurately. In turn point counters and photomultipliers are being replaced by newer methods of determining percentages of components and their reflectances.
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