Predicting Majority Integration Eff

Predicting Majority Integration Efforts
Attitudes

Most hypotheses in the present study were exploratory since the relationship between the MIE construct and inter- group perception variables has not been investigated. Ad- ditionally, an examination of the relevant literature pro- vides plausible explanations of relationships in different di- rections. However, some tentative predictions were made.
Based on studies connecting perceived entitativity to negative evaluations of outgroups (e.g., Abelson et al.,
1998; Dasgupta et al., 1999; Grzesiak-Feldman, & Suszak,
2008), we expected that more entitative perceptions of im- migrants as a group would be associated with less willing- ness to favor majority integration efforts. However, theo- retical explanations for why and how entitativity is nega- tively related to the evaluations of outgroups varies. Sometimes entitativity is considered to have a main effect (e.g Abelson et al., 1998; Wildschut et al., 2004) or to have an effect only in combination with another intergroup per- ception variable (e.g., Castano, Sacci, & Gries, 2003). Thus, whether or not entitativity would have a main or a moderating effect, or perhaps even be mediated by such a variable, indicates vagueness in the current theoretical un- derstanding of the mechanism(s) involved in the function- ing of entitativity. That was therefore an open empirical question to be explored.
There seemed to be plausible predictions in both direc- tions regarding the relationship between agreement to counterstereotypic portrayals of immigrants’ good inten- tions or competence and the majority’s willingness to favor MIE attitudes. A seemingly straightforward prediction would be that perceiving immigrants as having positive in- tentions (warmth) to integrate would lead to more positive majority proactive integration attitudes. This also corre- sponds with experiments that have demonstrated that ma- jority members tend to express more favorable intergroup attitudes if they perceive immigrants to desire integration in majority society (Matera et al., 2011). Moreover this ex- pectation coincides with the implicit idea behind the ECRI




(2009) report, which suggests that perceiving immigrants in a more positive light as having positive integration in- tentions and competence may reduce prejudice and pro- mote majority accommodation. However, because the MIE is not a reverse measure of prejudice, both the warmth and competence dimensions could potentially be more com- plex. For example, if majority members perceive immi- grants as willing to integrate (warmth) and at the same time as doing well (competence), this may result in the majority seeing no need to support integration efforts. An outgroup seen as competent (e.g., intelligent, resourceful) may also lead to a heightened sense of threat, which could lead to passive harm (i.e., neglect, Cuddy et al., 2007) or increased competition and, hence, a further unwillingness to assist them (e.g., Jackson & Esses, 2000). Therefore, we also left hypotheses regarding how agreement to counterstereotypic information may predict MIE attitudes open to exploration.
Finally, positive metaperceptions may foster good will from the recipient. For example, Huo and Molina (2006) found that ethnic minorities were more positive toward the larger society when they felt they were respected, while Smith and Tyler (1997) found similar results in organiza- tional settings. Drawing on these studies we expected that perceptions of positive minority evaluation of the majority on both dimensions would somehow be reciprocated and foster good will of the majority toward immigrants. Fur- thermore, based on the early finding that the warmth (or moral) dimension is central in social perception (Asch,
1946) and the general primacy of the warmth dimension over competence (Fiske et al., 2007), we expected that measures of warmth in both counterstereotypic information and metaperspectives would have a greater predictive value of MIE attitudes than measures of competence.



Method

Participants and Procedure

A group of 595 participants took part in an online survey and were recruited from a snowball sample of working pro- fessionals recruited by psychology students as part of the social psychology component of their degree (N = 310) and students via university email lists at the University of Oslo, Norway (N = 285). An email invitation and link to partic- ipate in the survey were sent out to all participants, who were informed of the nature of the study and led to a web- page that included the entire survey. Because of the nature of the online survey procedure, it was impossible to iden- tify how many participants received and read the email in- vitation or dropped out of the study. Therefore, an accurate response rate cannot be provided. Only participants identi- fied as ethnic Norwegian, based upon their answers on de- mographic questions, were included in this analysis. The final subject pool for analysis was 529 participants (66% women), mean age 34.00 (SD = 14.15; Range 17–74) after

filtering for missing data (N = 16) and ethnic background
(N = 50).
The questionnaire consisted of 72 different statements measuring five scales in the following order: Counterster- eotypic Information (10 items), Perceived Entitativity (10 items), Metaperspectives Warmth (10 items), Metaper- spectives Competence (10 items), and Majority Integra- tions Efforts (21 items). Demographic items measuring sex, age, academic field of study, birthplace of father and mother, two questions regarding contact with non-Western immigrants, two questions regarding place of residence, and a participant comment section were also included. Birthplace of father and mother were used in order to filter out nonethnic Norwegian participants. All participants re- ceived the survey in the same order.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Predicting Majority Integration EffortsAttitudesMost hypotheses in the present study were exploratory since the relationship between the MIE construct and inter- group perception variables has not been investigated. Ad- ditionally, an examination of the relevant literature pro- vides plausible explanations of relationships in different di- rections. However, some tentative predictions were made.Based on studies connecting perceived entitativity to negative evaluations of outgroups (e.g., Abelson et al.,1998; Dasgupta et al., 1999; Grzesiak-Feldman, & Suszak,2008), we expected that more entitative perceptions of im- migrants as a group would be associated with less willing- ness to favor majority integration efforts. However, theo- retical explanations for why and how entitativity is nega- tively related to the evaluations of outgroups varies. Sometimes entitativity is considered to have a main effect (e.g Abelson et al., 1998; Wildschut et al., 2004) or to have an effect only in combination with another intergroup per- ception variable (e.g., Castano, Sacci, & Gries, 2003). Thus, whether or not entitativity would have a main or a moderating effect, or perhaps even be mediated by such a variable, indicates vagueness in the current theoretical un- derstanding of the mechanism(s) involved in the function- ing of entitativity. That was therefore an open empirical question to be explored.Tampaknya masuk akal prediksi dalam kedua direc-tions mengenai hubungan antara perjanjian untuk counterstereotypic penggambaran imigran baik inten-tions atau kompetensi dan mayoritas kesediaan untuk mendukung sikap MIE. Prediksi tampaknya sederhana akan melihat imigran memiliki positif di-tentions (kehangatan) untuk mengintegrasikan akan mengakibatkan sikap proaktif integrasi mayoritas yang lebih positif. Ini juga edisi-sponds dengan eksperimen yang telah menunjukkan bahwa anggota ma-jority cenderung Check sikap antarkelompok lebih menguntungkan jika mereka menganggap imigran untuk keinginan integrasi dalam mayoritas masyarakat (Matera et al., 2011). Selain itu ex-pectation ini bertepatan dengan idea implisit di belakang ECRI Laporan (2009), yang menunjukkan bahwa melihat imigran dalam cahaya yang lebih positif sebagai memiliki integrasi yang positif dalam tentions dan kompetensi dapat mengurangi prasangka dan pro-mote mayoritas akomodasi. Namun, karena MIE tidak ukuran reverse prasangka, dimensi kehangatan dan kompetensi bisa berpotensi menjadi com-plex lain. Misalnya, jika anggota mayoritas merasakan immi-hibah sebagai bersedia untuk mengintegrasikan (kehangatan) dan pada saat yang sama sebagai baik (kompetensi), ini dapat mengakibatkan sebagian besar melihat tidak perlu untuk mendukung upaya integrasi. Outgroup dilihat sebagai kompeten (misalnya, cerdas, akal) juga dapat menyebabkan rasa tinggi ancaman, yang dapat mengakibatkan kerugian pasif (yaitu, kelalaian, Cuddy et al., 2007) atau meningkatnya kompetisi dan, karenanya, keengganan lebih lanjut untuk membantu mereka (misalnya, Jackson & Esses, 2000). Oleh karena itu, kami juga meninggalkan hipotesis mengenai bagaimana kesepakatan untuk counterstereotypic informasi dapat memprediksi MIE sikap terbuka untuk eksplorasi.Finally, positive metaperceptions may foster good will from the recipient. For example, Huo and Molina (2006) found that ethnic minorities were more positive toward the larger society when they felt they were respected, while Smith and Tyler (1997) found similar results in organiza- tional settings. Drawing on these studies we expected that perceptions of positive minority evaluation of the majority on both dimensions would somehow be reciprocated and foster good will of the majority toward immigrants. Fur- thermore, based on the early finding that the warmth (or moral) dimension is central in social perception (Asch,1946) and the general primacy of the warmth dimension over competence (Fiske et al., 2007), we expected that measures of warmth in both counterstereotypic information and metaperspectives would have a greater predictive value of MIE attitudes than measures of competence.MethodParticipants and ProcedureA group of 595 participants took part in an online survey and were recruited from a snowball sample of working pro- fessionals recruited by psychology students as part of the social psychology component of their degree (N = 310) and students via university email lists at the University of Oslo, Norway (N = 285). An email invitation and link to partic- ipate in the survey were sent out to all participants, who were informed of the nature of the study and led to a web- page that included the entire survey. Because of the nature of the online survey procedure, it was impossible to iden- tify how many participants received and read the email in- vitation or dropped out of the study. Therefore, an accurate response rate cannot be provided. Only participants identi- fied as ethnic Norwegian, based upon their answers on de- mographic questions, were included in this analysis. The final subject pool for analysis was 529 participants (66% women), mean age 34.00 (SD = 14.15; Range 17–74) after filtering for missing data (N = 16) and ethnic background(N = 50).Kuesioner terdiri dari 72 pernyataan yang berbeda yang mengukur lima skala dalam urutan sebagai berikut: Counterster-eotypic informasi (10 item), Entitativity dianggap (10 item), Metaperspectives kehangatan (10 item), Metaper-spectives kompetensi (10 item), dan mayoritas Integra - tions upaya (21 item). Item demografis mengukur jenis kelamin, usia, bidang studi akademis, tempat kelahiran ayah dan ibu, dua pertanyaan mengenai kontak dengan imigran non-Barat, dua pertanyaan mengenai tempat tinggal, dan bagian komentar peserta juga dimasukkan. Tempat kelahiran ayah dan Ibu digunakan untuk menyaring nonethnic Norwegia peserta. Semua peserta re-ceived survei dalam urutan yang sama.