ribonucleic acid or in different ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid terjemahan - ribonucleic acid or in different ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

ribonucleic acid or in different ri

ribonucleic acid or in different ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. These are important in vivo catalysts, but they will not be
discussed further in this chapter.
Some enzymes result from in vivo or in vitro chemical modification of one or more nucleotide bases in genes of the wild-type
enzymes or by chemical synthesis. These mutated enzymes may result from environmentally caused random in vivo modification
(by free radicals, for example) of one or more nucleotide bases of a gene or in vitro by selective and deliberate chemical changes
in the DNA nucleotide sequence of a gene. The latter is accomplished using specific restriction enzymes and ligases or by the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When deliberately modified or synthesized in the laboratory, enzyme mimics are called
synzymes. Other types of synzymes include the abzymes and the pepzymes. The abzymes are laboratory- made catalytic
antibodies. The binding sites of catalytic antibodies are tailored in vivo by use of a specific hapten, while the catalytic groups are
added in vitro by specific chemical modification of one or more of the amino acid side chains. The pepzymes are synthesized in
the laboratory to mimic the sequence and stereochemistry of the active site of an enzyme. Enzymes may also be chemically
modified by deliberate or unintentional changes (Maillard reaction, for example) in one or more side chain groups of a specific
amino acid. This can lead to qualitatively different multiple forms of enzymes or total loss of activity.
7.1.2 Catalysis
Enzymes are positive catalysts; that is, they increase the rates of reactions by 10
3
to 10
that of non-enzyme-catalyzed reactions
(Table 2). A minimum of two events must occur for enzyme activity to be observed. First, the enzyme must bind (noncovalently)
a compound stereo- specifically into the active site. Second, there must be chemical conversion of the initial compound into a
new compound. This is shown in Equation 2, where E is free enzyme, S is free substrate, E.S is a noncovalent complex of
enzyme and substrate, and P is the new compound (product) formed.
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ribonucleic acid or in different ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. These are important in vivo catalysts, but they will not bediscussed further in this chapter.Some enzymes result from in vivo or in vitro chemical modification of one or more nucleotide bases in genes of the wild-typeenzymes or by chemical synthesis. These mutated enzymes may result from environmentally caused random in vivo modification(by free radicals, for example) of one or more nucleotide bases of a gene or in vitro by selective and deliberate chemical changesin the DNA nucleotide sequence of a gene. The latter is accomplished using specific restriction enzymes and ligases or by thepolymerase chain reaction (PCR). When deliberately modified or synthesized in the laboratory, enzyme mimics are calledsynzymes. Other types of synzymes include the abzymes and the pepzymes. The abzymes are laboratory- made catalyticantibodies. The binding sites of catalytic antibodies are tailored in vivo by use of a specific hapten, while the catalytic groups areadded in vitro by specific chemical modification of one or more of the amino acid side chains. The pepzymes are synthesized inthe laboratory to mimic the sequence and stereochemistry of the active site of an enzyme. Enzymes may also be chemicallymodified by deliberate or unintentional changes (Maillard reaction, for example) in one or more side chain groups of a specificamino acid. This can lead to qualitatively different multiple forms of enzymes or total loss of activity.7.1.2 CatalysisEnzymes are positive catalysts; that is, they increase the rates of reactions by 103 to 10 that of non-enzyme-catalyzed reactions(Table 2). A minimum of two events must occur for enzyme activity to be observed. First, the enzyme must bind (noncovalently)a compound stereo- specifically into the active site. Second, there must be chemical conversion of the initial compound into anew compound. This is shown in Equation 2, where E is free enzyme, S is free substrate, E.S is a noncovalent complex ofenzyme and substrate, and P is the new compound (product) formed.11
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asam ribonukleat atau asam ribonukleat dan deoksiribonukleat yang berbeda. Ini penting dalam katalis vivo, tetapi mereka tidak akan
dibahas lebih lanjut dalam bab ini.
Beberapa enzim hasil dari in vivo atau modifikasi kimia vitro dari satu atau lebih basa nukleotida dalam gen dari tipe liar
enzim atau sintesis kimia. Enzim bermutasi mungkin akibat dari lingkungan yang disebabkan acak dalam modifikasi vivo
(oleh radikal bebas, misalnya) dari satu atau lebih basa nukleotida gen atau in vitro oleh perubahan kimia selektif dan hati-hati
dalam urutan nukleotida DNA dari gen. Yang terakhir ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan enzim restriksi spesifik dan ligases atau oleh
polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ketika sengaja dimodifikasi atau disintesis di laboratorium, meniru enzim yang disebut
synzymes. Jenis lain dari synzymes termasuk abzymes dan pepzymes. Para abzymes yang dibuat laboratorium-katalitik
antibodi. Situs pengikatan antibodi katalitik disesuaikan in vivo dengan menggunakan suatu hapten tertentu, sedangkan kelompok katalitik yang
ditambahkan secara in vitro dengan modifikasi kimia tertentu dari satu atau lebih dari rantai samping asam amino. Para pepzymes disintesis di
laboratorium untuk meniru urutan dan stereokimia situs aktif enzim. Enzim juga dapat secara kimia
diubah oleh disengaja atau tidak disengaja perubahan (Maillard reaksi, misalnya) dalam satu atau lebih kelompok rantai sisi tertentu
asam amino. . Hal ini dapat menyebabkan berbagai bentuk kualitatif berbeda dari enzim atau kerugian total aktivitas
7.1.2 Katalisis
Enzim adalah katalis positif; yaitu, mereka meningkatkan tingkat reaksi dengan 10
3
sampai 10
yang reaksi-non-enzim katalis
(Tabel 2). Minimal dua peristiwa harus terjadi untuk aktivitas enzim untuk diamati. Pertama, enzim harus mengikat (noncovalently)
senyawa stereo- khusus ke dalam situs aktif. Kedua, harus ada konversi kimia dari senyawa awal dalam
senyawa baru. Hal ini ditunjukkan dalam Persamaan 2, di mana E adalah enzim bebas, S adalah substrat gratis, ES adalah kompleks noncovalent dari
enzim dan substrat, dan P adalah senyawa baru (produk) yang terbentuk.
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