CONCEPTIONS OF CURRICULUMGams Juliu

CONCEPTIONS OF CURRICULUM
Gams Julius Caesar and his cohorts of the first century BC had no idea that the oval track on which the Roman chariots raced would bequeath a word used almost daily by educators twenty-one centu_ries later. The track—the curriculum—has become one of the key concerns,of today's schools, and its meaning has expanded fro it it tangible racecourse to an abstract concept.
In the world of professional education, the word curriculum has taken oil an elusive, almost esoteric connotation This poetic, neuter word does possess an aura of mystery. By contest, other di_mensions of ,.he world of professional education, such as administra_tion, instruction, and supervision, are strong, action-oriented words. Administration is the act of administering; instruction is the act of instructing, and supervision is the act of supervising. But in what way is curriculum an act? While administrators administer, instructors in_struct, and supervisors supervise, no school person curricules, and though we can find the use of the term curricularist,' it is only a tae curricularist who curricularizes.
The quest for a definition of curriculum has taxed many in educator. As long ago as 1976, Dwayne Huebner ascribed -unhiguity and a lack of precision to the term curriculum.' In 1988, Madeleine R. Grumet labeled curriculum a "field of utter confusion.— At the turn of the center/ Arthur W. Foshay attributed a lack of specificity to the
Curriculum.' Indeed, Curriculum seems at times analogous to the blind men's elephant. It is the pachyderm's trunk to some; its thick legs to others; its pterodactyl-like flopping ears to sonic people; its massive, rough sides to other persons; and its ropelike tail to still others. Herbert K. Kliebard observed that "what we call the American curriculum is actually an assemblage of competing doctrines and practices."'
Though it may be vehemently denied, no one has ever seen a curriculum--not a real, total, tangible, visible entity called a curriculum. The interested observer may have seen a written plan that may have been called a curriculum. Somehow the observer knows, probably by word of mouth, that in every school in which teachers are instructing student,, a curriculum exists. A written plan provides the observer with an additional clue to the existence of a certain some_thing called a curriculum. But if by some bit of magic the observer could lift the roof of a school in session and examine tire cross-section thereof, the curriculum would not be apparent. What the observer would immediately perceive would be many instances of teacher–pupil interaction we call instruction.
The search for evidence of the mysterious creation called curriculum is not unlike efforts to track down Bigfoot, the Bear Lake Monster, the Florida Everglades Skunk Ape, Lake Champlain's Champ, the: Yeti, the Almasty, South Bay Bessie, Scotland's Loch Ness Monster, or Sweden's Great Lake Monster Bigfoot, the Yeti, and the Almasty have left their tracks in the mud and the snow; Champ, Bessie, and Nessie have rippled the waters of their lakes; but no one has yet succeeded in producing incontrovertible photographs of these re_puted creatures.
Nor has anyone ever photographed a curriculum. Shutterbugs have instead photographed pupils, teachers, and Other school personnel. Perhaps if someone videotaped every instance of behavior in every classroom, corridor, office, and auxiliary room of a school every day and then investigated this record as thoroughly as military leaders analyze air reconnaissance photos, a curriculum could be discerned.
Certification and Curriculum
State certification laws compound the problem of defining curriculum because few, if any, pro_fessionals can become certified in curriculum. Whereas all professionals in training must take courses of one type or another called curriculum, there is not a certifiable field labeled curricu_lum. Professionals are certified in administration, guidance, supervision, school psychology, el_ementary education, and many teaching fields. But in curriculum per se? Not as a rule, although courses in the field of curriculum are mandated for certification in certain fields of specializa_tion, such as administration and supervision.
Nevertheless, numbers of curriculum workers, consultants, coordinators, and even profes_sors of curriculum can be identified. These specialists, many of whom may hold state certifica_tion in one or more fields, cann,3t customarily hang oil the wall a certificate that shows that endorsement has been granted in a field called curriculum.
Though a certifiable field of !;pecialization called curriculum may be lacking, the word itself is treated as if it had tangible substance, for it can undergo a substantial variety of pro_cesses. Curriculum—or its plural. curricula or curriculums (depending on the user's penchant or abhorrence for the Latin)—is built, planned, designed, and constructed. It is improved, revised, and evaluated. Like photographic film and muscle:;, the curriculum is developed. It is also orga_nized, structured, and restructured, and, like a wayward child, reformed. With considerable in_genuity the curriculum planner—another specialist—can mold, shape, and tailor the curriculum.
Interpretations of Curriculum
The amorphous nature of the word curriculum has given rise over the years to want' Interpretations. Depending on their philosophical beliefs, persons have conveyed these inicipi•to('011s, among others:
Curriculum is that which is taught in school.
Curriculum is a set of subjects.
Curriculum is content.
Curriculum is a program of studies.
Curriculum is a set of materials.
Curriculum is a sequence of courses.
Curriculum is a set of performance objectives.
Curriculum is a course of study.
Curriculum is everything that goes on within the school, including extra-class activities, guidance, and interpersonal relationships.
Curriculum is that which is taught both inside of school and outside of school, directed by the school.
Curriculum is everything that is planned by school personnel.
Curriculum is a series of experiences undergone by learners in school.
Curriculum is that which an individual learner experiences as a result of schooling.
In the foregoing definitions you can see that curriculum can be conceived in a narrow way (as subjects taught) or in a broad way (as all the experiences of learners, both in school and out, directed by the school). Th~, implications for the school to be drawn from the differing C011CL•p_tions of curriculum can vary considerably. The school that accepts the definition of city 1 iculu ill as a set of subjects faces a much simpler task than the school that takes upon itself responsibili_ties for experiences of the learner both inside and outside of school.
A variety of nuances are perceived when the professional educators define corriculum. Let's trace how a number of writers between file early twentieth and early 2 Ist centuries L'011- ceptualized curriculum. Franklin Bqbbitt, one of the earliest writers oil curriculum, perceived curriculum as
... that series of things which children and youth must do and experience by way of develop_ing abiNties to do the things well that make up the affairs of adult life; and to be in all reagents what adults should be 6
Hollis L. Caswell and Deal-, S. Campbell viewed curriculum not as a group of courses but as "all the experiences children have under the guidance of teachers."' Ralph W. Tyler s writings pointed the way to "educational objectives" that "represent the kinds of changes in behavior that an educational institution seeks 'o bring about in its students.` Hilda Taba, in a discussion of cri_teria for providing sets of learning opportunities for curriculum development, said, "A curricu_lam is a plan for learning."' She defined curriculum by listing its elements. Taba explained that every curriculum globally contains common elements, such as goals and objectives, and distinct content selections and organizational approaches that inform styles of learning, and '_-aching, concluding with an assessment methodology to determine whether the objectives werc. met."'
A different approach to defining curriculum was taken by Robert M Gagne, M ho vvovc together subject matter (content), the statement of ends (terminal objectives), sequencing, of con_tent, and preassessment of entry skills required of students when they begin the study of the
content." Mauritz Johnson, Jr., agreed basically with Gagne when he defined curriculum as a "structured series of intended learning outcomes."" Johnson perceived curriculum as "the output of a 'curriculum development system' and as an input into an 'instructional system."'"
Albert 1. Oliver equated curriculum with the educational program and divided it into four basic elements: "(1) the program of studies, (2) the program of experiences, (3) the program of services, and (4) the hidden curriculum."" The programs of studies, experiences, and services are readily apparent. To these elements Oliver has added the concept of a hidden curriculum, which encompasses values promoted by the school, differing emphases given by different teach_ers within the same subject areas, the degree of enthusiasm of teachers, and the physical and social climate of the school.
1. Galen Saylor, William M. Alexander, and Arthur J. Lewis offered this definition: "We de_fine curriculum as a plaa for providing sets of learning opportunities for persons to he educated.""
As the years progress you will notice a broadening of some conceptions of the school Curriculum. Geneva Gay, writing on desegregating the curriculum, offered a more expansive interpretation of curriculum:
If we are to achieve equally, we must broaden our conception to include the entire culture of the school—not just subject matter coment.`
Expressing the view that the word "`curriculum' has come to mean only a course of study," D. Jean Ckinchnin and F. Michael Connelly held curriculu

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KONSEPSI KURIKULUMGAMS Julius Caesar dan para pengikutnya dari abad pertama SM tidak menyangka bahwa trek oval yang Romawi kereta berlari akan mewariskan kata digunakan hampir setiap hari oleh pendidik centu_ries dua puluh satu kemudian. Trek-kurikulum — telah menjadi salah satu keprihatinan utama, sekolah-sekolah hari ini, dan maknanya telah diperluas mondar-mandir itu itu nyata racecourse konsep abstrak.Dalam dunia pendidikan profesional, kata kurikulum telah mengambil minyak sulit dipahami, hampir Esoterik konotasi kata ini puitis, netral memiliki aura misteri. Oleh kontes, di_mensions dari lainnya, .ia dunia pendidikan profesional, seperti administra_tion, instruksi dan pengawasan, adalah kata-kata yang kuat, berorientasi aksi. Administrasi adalah undang-undang administrasi; instruksi adalah tindakan memerintahkan, dan pengawasan adalah tindakan yang mengawasi. Tapi dalam apa cara adalah kurikulum tindakan? Sementara administrator mengelola, in_struct instruktur, dan mengawasi pengawas, tidak ada sekolah orang curricules, dan meskipun kita dapat menemukan penggunaan istilah curricularist,' itu adalah hanya curricularist tae yang curricularizes.Pencarian untuk definisi kurikulum telah dikenakan pajak banyak pendidik. Lama sebagai 1976, Dwayne Huebner dinisbahkan - unhiguity dan kurangnya presisi dengan istilah kurikulum.' Pada tahun 1988, Madeleine R. Grumet berlabel kurikulum "bidang mengucapkan kebingungan. — pada pergantian pusat / Arthur W. Foshay disebabkan kurangnya kekhususan untukKurikulum.' Memang, sepertinya kurikulum pada waktu analog dengan gajah yang buta. Ini adalah pachyderm batang untuk beberapa; kaki tebal kepada orang lain; pterodactyl-seperti menyemburkan telinga sonik orang; sisinya besar, kasar kepada orang lain; dan ekornya yang ropelike ke lain. Herbert K. Kliebard mengamati bahwa "apa yang kita sebut kurikulum Amerika adalah benar-benar sebuah assemblage bersaing doktrin dan praktek-praktek." 'Meskipun mungkin berapi-api membantah, tidak ada seorangpun yang pernah melihat Kurikulum--tidak nyata, total, nyata, terlihat entitas yang disebut kurikulum. Pengamat tertarik mungkin telah melihat rencana tertulis yang mungkin telah dipanggil kurikulum. Entah bagaimana pengamat tahu, mungkin dengan dari mulut ke mulut, bahwa di setiap sekolah di mana guru yang mengajar siswa,, kurikulum yang ada. Rencana tertulis menyediakan pengamat dengan petunjuk tambahan untuk keberadaan some_thing tertentu yang disebut kurikulum. Tetapi jika oleh beberapa bit sihir pengamat bisa mengangkat atap sekolah dalam sesi dan memeriksa Ban penampang daripadanya, kurikulum tidak akan terlihat. Apa pengamat akan segera melihat bahwa akan banyak contoh interaksi guru-murid yang kita sebut instruksi.Mencari bukti tentang penciptaan misterius yang disebut kurikulum tidak tidak seperti upaya untuk melacak Bigfoot Monster Danau Bear, Florida Everglades Skunk Ape, Champ Lake Champlain,: Yeti, Almasty, South Bay Bessie, Skotlandia Loch Ness rakasa atau Swedia besar Danau rakasa Bigfoot, Yeti, dan Almasty telah meninggalkan jejak mereka dalam lumpur dan salju; Juara, Bessie, dan Nessie memiliki bergelombang perairan Danau mereka; tapi tidak ada yang belum berhasil dalam menghasilkan foto-foto yang tak terbantahkan dari makhluk-makhluk re_puted.Tidak memiliki siapa pun pernah difoto kurikulum. Shutterbugs sebaliknya telah memotret murid, guru, dan personel sekolah lain. Mungkin jika seseorang direkam setiap contoh perilaku di setiap kelas, koridor, kantor dan kamar pembantu sekolah setiap hari dan kemudian diselidiki Catatan ini sebagai sepenuhnya seperti para pemimpin militer menganalisis udara pengintaian foto, kurikulum yang dapat diukur.Sertifikasi dan kurikulumUndang-undang negara sertifikasi senyawa masalah mendefinisikan kurikulum karena pro_fessionals beberapa, jika ada, dapat menjadi bersertifikat dalam kurikulum. Sedangkan semua profesional dalam pelatihan harus mengambil kursus dari satu jenis atau lain disebut kurikulum, tidak ada bidang yang bermutu berlabel curricu_lum. Profesional bersertifikat dalam administrasi, bimbingan, pengawasan, sekolah psikologi, pendidikan el_ementary, dan berbagai bidang pengajaran. Tapi dalam kurikulum per se? Bukan sebagai suatu peraturan, meskipun studi dalam bidang kurikulum mandat sertifikasi di bidang-bidang tertentu specializa_tion, seperti administrasi dan supervisi.Namun demikian, jumlah pekerja kurikulum, konsultan, Koordinator, dan bahkan profes_sors kurikulum dapat diidentifikasi. Spesialis, banyak di antaranya mungkin memegang negara certifica_tion dalam satu atau lebih bidang, cann, 3t lazim menggantung minyak dinding sertifikat yang menunjukkan bahwa dukungan yang telah diberikan dalam sebuah field yang bernama kurikulum.Meskipun bidang yang bermutu!; pecialization disebut kurikulum mungkin kurang, kata itu sendiri diperlakukan seolah-olah itu substansi yang nyata, karena itu dapat menjalani berbagai besar pro_cesses. Kurikulum — atau jamak. Kurikulum atau buku (tergantung pada pengguna kegemaran atau kebencian untuk bahasa Latin) — adalah dibangun, direncanakan, dirancang dan dibangun. Itu adalah ditingkatkan, revisi, dan dievaluasi. Seperti film fotografi dan otot:; kurikulum dikembangkan. Ini juga orga_nized, terstruktur, dan direstrukturisasi, dan, seperti seorang anak tidak patuh, direformasi. Dengan cukup in_genuity perencana kurikulum — spesialis lain — dapat cetakan, bentuk, dan menyesuaikan kurikulum.Interpretasi dari kurikulumSifat amorf kurikulum kata telah memunculkan selama bertahun-tahun ingin ' interpretasi. Tergantung pada keyakinan filosofis mereka, orang telah disampaikan inicipi•to ini ('011s, antara lain:Kurikulum adalah bahwa yang diajarkan di sekolah.Kurikulum merupakan seperangkat mata pelajaran.Kurikulum merupakan konten.Kurikulum merupakan sebuah program studi.Kurikulum merupakan seperangkat bahan.Kurikulum merupakan serangkaian kursus.Kurikulum merupakan seperangkat tujuan kinerja.Kurikulum merupakan suatu program studi.Kurikulum adalah segalanya yang terjadi di dalam sekolah, termasuk aktivitas tambahan-kelas, bimbingan dan hubungan interpersonal.Kurikulum adalah bahwa yang diajarkan di dalam sekolah maupun di luar sekolah, disutradarai oleh sekolah.Kurikulum adalah segalanya yang direncanakan oleh personil sekolah.Kurikulum merupakan rangkaian pengalaman yang dialami oleh para peserta didik di sekolah.Kurikulum merupakan yang pelajar individu pengalaman sebagai hasil dari sekolah.Dalam definisi tersebut di atas Anda dapat melihat Kurikulum dapat dipahami dengan cara yang sempit (seperti mata pelajaran yang diajarkan) atau dengan cara yang luas (sebagai semua pengalaman para peserta didik, baik di sekolah dan keluar, disutradarai oleh sekolah). Th ~, implikasi bagi sekolah untuk diambil dari C011CL•p_tions berbeda dari kurikulum dapat bervariasi. Sekolah yang menerima definisi kota 1 iculu sakit sebagai satu set mata pelajaran menghadapi tugas jauh lebih sederhana daripada sekolah yang membawa kepada dirinya sendiri responsibili_ties untuk pengalaman pelajar di dalam maupun di luar sekolah.Berbagai nuansa dianggap Kapan para pendidik profesional mendefinisikan corriculum. Mari kita melacak bagaimana sejumlah penulis antara file kedua puluh dan awal 2 Ist abad-abad awal L'011-ceptualized kurikulum. Franklin Bqbbitt, salah satu penulis awal minyak kurikulum, dirasakan kurikulum sebagai... bahwa serangkaian hal-hal yang anak-anak dan pemuda harus dilakukan dan pengalaman dengan develop_ing abiNties untuk melakukan hal-hal baik yang membentuk urusan kehidupan dewasa; dan berada di semua reagen apa orang dewasa harus 6Hollis L. Caswell and Deal-, S. Campbell viewed curriculum not as a group of courses but as "all the experiences children have under the guidance of teachers."' Ralph W. Tyler s writings pointed the way to "educational objectives" that "represent the kinds of changes in behavior that an educational institution seeks 'o bring about in its students.` Hilda Taba, in a discussion of cri_teria for providing sets of learning opportunities for curriculum development, said, "A curricu_lam is a plan for learning."' She defined curriculum by listing its elements. Taba explained that every curriculum globally contains common elements, such as goals and objectives, and distinct content selections and organizational approaches that inform styles of learning, and '_-aching, concluding with an assessment methodology to determine whether the objectives werc. met."'A different approach to defining curriculum was taken by Robert M Gagne, M ho vvovc together subject matter (content), the statement of ends (terminal objectives), sequencing, of con_tent, and preassessment of entry skills required of students when they begin the study of thecontent." Mauritz Johnson, Jr., agreed basically with Gagne when he defined curriculum as a "structured series of intended learning outcomes."" Johnson perceived curriculum as "the output of a 'curriculum development system' and as an input into an 'instructional system."'"Albert 1. Oliver disamakan kurikulum dengan program pendidikan dan dibagi menjadi empat elemen dasar: "(1) program studi, (2) program pengalaman, (3) program layanan, dan (4) kurikulum tersembunyi." " Program studi, pengalaman, dan layanan tampak jelas. Elemen-elemen ini Oliver telah menambahkan konsep kurikulum yang tersembunyi, yang mencakup nilai-nilai yang dipromosikan oleh sekolah, penekanan berbeda yang diberikan oleh teach_ers berbeda dalam wilayah subjek yang sama, tingkat antusiasme guru dan iklim fisik dan sosial di sekolah.1. Galen Saylor, William M. Alexander dan Arthur J. Lewis ditawarkan definisi ini: "kami de_fine kurikulum sebagai plaa untuk menyediakan set kesempatan belajar bagi orang-orang untuk dia dididik." "Sebagai tahun kemajuan Anda akan melihat memperluas beberapa konsepsi kurikulum sekolah. Jenewa Gay, menulis di desegregating kurikulum, ditawarkan interpretasi kurikulum yang lebih luas:Jika kita ingin mencapai sama-sama, kita harus memperluas konsepsi kita untuk memasukkan seluruh budaya sekolah — tidak hanya subjek coment.'Mengekspresikan pandangan bahwa kata "'kurikulum' telah datang berarti hanya suatu program studi," D. Jean Ckinchnin dan F. Michael Connelly diadakan curriculu