In 1977, F.M. Scherer conducted a m

In 1977, F.M. Scherer conducted a major study of antitrust, consent-
related compulsory licenses. His study focused on nearly seven hundred
companies, forty-two of which had been subject to compulsory licenses.
102 Scherer calculated the ratio of each company’s R&D expenditures
to its sales for the year 1975, and compared ratios between companies
that had been subject to significant compulsory licensing decrees and
those that had not. Scherer further modeled the relationship between compulsory
licensing and R&D, and found a slight positive correlation between
licensing and high R&D-to-sales ratios. On average, companies
subjected to compulsory licensing actually spent more on R&D than similar
firms in their industry that had not been subjected to compulsory licenses.
103 This was true for all industries, including pharmaceuticals. Because
Scherer only had data from one year, he was not able to determine
whether the R&D expenditures of the firms affected by compulsory licensing
had fallen from previously higher levels.104 Nevertheless, he concluded
that compulsory licensing had not forced firms to invest in R&D at
a level below the norms in their industries

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Pada tahun 1977, F.M. Scherer melakukan penelitian besar anti monopoli, persetujuan -terkait wajib lisensi. Penelitiannya berfokus pada hampir tujuh ratusperusahaan, empat puluh dua yang telah tunduk pada lisensi wajib.102 Scherer dihitung rasio pengeluaran R & D perusahaan setiapuntuk penjualan untuk tahun 1975, dan dibandingkan dengan rasio antara perusahaanyang telah dikenakan signifikan wajib lisensi dekrit danmereka yang tidak. Scherer lebih lanjut dimodelkan hubungan antara wajibPerizinan dan R & D, dan menemukan sedikit korelasi positif antaraPerizinan dan tinggi R & D-untuk-penjualan rasio. Rata-rata perusahaanmengalami wajib lisensi benar-benar menghabiskan lebih banyak pada R & D daripada serupaperusahaan-perusahaan dalam industri mereka yang tidak telah mengalami wajib lisensi.103 ini adalah benar bagi semua industri, termasuk obat-obatan. KarenaScherer hanya memiliki data dari satu tahun, ia tidak dapat menentukanApakah pengeluaran R & D perusahaan dipengaruhi oleh lisensi wajibjatuh dari sebelumnya lebih tinggi levels.104 Namun demikian, ia menyimpulkanbahwa lisensi wajib tidak memaksa perusahaan untuk berinvestasi di R & D disetingkat di bawah norma-norma dalam industri mereka