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Leadership That Gets Results
page 1
The Idea in Brief The Idea in Practice
COPYRIGHT © 2000 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Many managers mistakenly assume that
leadership style is a function of personality
rather than strategic choice. Instead of
choosing the one style that suits their
temperament, they should ask which style
best addresses the demands of a particular
situation.
Research has shown that the most successful
leaders have strengths in the following
emotional intelligence competencies: selfawareness,
self-regulation, motivation,
empathy, and social skill. There are six basic
styles of leadership; each makes use of the
key components of emotional intelligence
in different combinations. The best leaders
don’t know just one style of leadership—
they’re skilled at several, and have the flexibility
to switch between styles as the circumstances
dictate.
Managers often fail to appreciate how profoundly the organizational climate can influence financial
results. It can account for nearly a third of financial performance. Organizational climate,
in turn, is influenced by leadership style—by the way that managers motivate direct reports,
gather and use information, make decisions, manage change initiatives, and handle crises. There
are six basic leadership styles. Each derives from different emotional intelligence competencies,
works best in particular situations, and affects the organizational climate in different ways.
1. The coercive style. This “Do what I say” approach
can be very effective in a turnaround
situation, a natural disaster, or when working
with problem employees. But in most situations,
coercive leadership inhibits the organization’s
flexibility and dampens employees’
motivation.
2. The authoritative style. An authoritative
leader takes a “Come with me” approach: she
states the overall goal but gives people the
freedom to choose their own means of
achieving it. This style works especially well
when a business is adrift. It is less effective
when the leader is working with a team of experts
who are more experienced than he is.
3. The affiliative style. The hallmark of the affiliative
leader is a “People come first” attitude.
This style is particularly useful for building
team harmony or increasing morale. But its
exclusive focus on praise can allow poor performance
to go uncorrected. Also, affiliative
leaders rarely offer advice, which often leaves
employees in a quandary.
4. The democratic style. This style’s impact
on organizational climate is not as high as you
might imagine. By giving workers a voice in
decisions, democratic leaders build organizational
flexibility and responsibility and help
generate fresh ideas. But sometimes the price
is endless meetings and confused employees
who feel leaderless.
5. The pacesetting style. A leader who sets
high performance standards and exemplifies
them himself has a very positive impact on
employees who are self-motivated and highly
competent. But other employees tend to feel
overwhelmed by such a leader’s demands for
excellence—and to resent his tendency to
take over a situation.
6. The coaching style. This style focuses
more on personal development than on immediate
work-related tasks. It works well
when employees are already aware of their
weaknesses and want to improve, but not
when they are resistant to changing their
ways.
The more styles a leader has mastered, the
better. In particular, being able to switch
among the authoritative, affiliative, democratic,
and coaching styles as conditions dictate
creates the best organizational climate
and optimizes business performance.
Leadership That Gets
Results
by Daniel Goleman
harvard business review • march–april 2000 page 2
COPYRIGHT © 2000 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
New research suggests that the most effective executives use a collection
of distinct leadership styles—each in the right measure, at just the right
time. Such flexibility is tough to put into action, but it pays off in
performance. And better yet, it can be learned.
Ask any group of businesspeople the question
“What do effective leaders do?” and you’ll
hear a sweep of answers. Leaders set strategy;
they motivate; they create a mission; they
build a culture. Then ask “What should leaders
do?” If the group is seasoned, you’ll likely hear
one response: the leader’s singular job is to
get results.
But how? The mystery of what leaders can
and ought to do in order to spark the best performance
from their people is age-old. In recent
years, that mystery has spawned an entire
cottage industry: literally thousands of “leadership
experts” have made careers of testing and
coaching executives, all in pursuit of creating
businesspeople who can turn bold objectives—
be they strategic, financial, organizational, or
all three—into reality.
Still, effective leadership eludes many people
and organizations. One reason is that until
recently, virtually no quantitative research
has demonstrated which precise leadership
behaviors yield positive results. Leadership
experts proffer advice based on inference, experience,
and instinct. Sometimes that advice
is which precise leadership behaviors yield
positive results. Leadership experts proffer advice
based on inference, experience, and instinct.
Sometimes that advice is right on target;
sometimes it’s not.
But new research by the consulting firm
Hay/McBer, which draws on a random sample
of 3,871 executives selected from a database of
more than 20,000 executives worldwide,
takes much of the mystery out of effective
leadership. The research found six distinct
leadership styles, each springing from different
components of emotional intelligence.
The styles, taken individually, appear to have
a direct and unique impact on the working atmosphere
of a company, division, or team,
and in turn, on its financial performance. And
perhaps most important, the research indicates
that leaders with the best results do not
rely on only one leadership style; they use
most of them in a given week—seamlessly
and in different measure—depending on the
business situation. Imagine the styles, then, as
Leadership That Gets Results
harvard business review • march–april 2000 page 3
the array of clubs in a golf pro’s bag. Over the
course of a game, the pro picks and chooses
clubs based on the demands of the shot.
Sometimes he has to ponder his selection, but
usually it is automatic. The pro senses the
challenge ahead, swiftly pulls out the right
tool, and elegantly puts it to work. That’s how
high-impact leaders operate, too.
What are the six styles of leadership? None
will shock workplace veterans. Indeed, each
style, by name and brief description alone,
will likely resonate with anyone who leads, is
led, or as is the case with most of us, does
both. Coercive leaders demand immediate
compliance. Authoritative leaders mobilize
people toward a vision. Affiliative leaders create
emotional bonds and harmony. Democratic
leaders build consensus through participation.
Pacesetting leaders expect excellence
and self-direction. And coaching leaders develop
people for the future.
Close your eyes and you can surely imagine
a colleague who uses any one of these styles.
You most likely use at least one yourself. What
is new in this research, then, is its implications
for action. First, it offers a fine-grained understanding
of how different leadership styles affect
performance and results. Second, it offers
clear guidance on when a manager should
switch between them. It also strongly suggests
that switching flexibly is well advised. New,
too, is the research’s finding that each leadership
style springs from different components
of emotional intelligence.
Measuring Leadership’s Impact
It has been more than a decade since research
first linked aspects of emotional intelligence
to business results. The late David McClelland,
a noted Harvard University psychologist,
found that leaders with strengths in a critical
mass of six or more emotional intelligence
competencies were far more effective than
peers who lacked such strengths. For instance,
when he analyzed the performance of division
heads at a global food and beverage company,
he found that among leaders with this critical
mass of competence, 87% placed in the top
third for annual salary bonuses based on their
business performance. More telling, their divisions
on average outperformed yearly revenue
targets by 15% to 20%. Those executives who
lacked emotional intelligence were rarely
rated as outstanding in their annual performance
reviews, and their divisions underperformed
by an average of almost 20%.
Our research set out to gain a more molecular
view of the links among leadership and
emotional intelligence, and climate and performance.
A team of McClelland’s colleagues
headed by Mary Fontaine and Ruth Jacobs
from Hay/McBer studied data about or observed
thousands of executives, noting specific
behaviors and their impact on climate.
1
How did each individual motivate direct reports?
Manage change initiatives? Handle crises?
It was in a later phase of the research
that we identified which emotional intelligence
capabilities drive the six leadership
styles. How does he rate in terms of selfcontrol
and social skill? Does a leader show
high or low levels of empathy?
The team tested each executive’s immediate
sphere of influence for its climate. “Climate” is
not an amorphous term. First defined by psychologists
George Litwin and Richard Stringer
and later refined by McClelland and his colleagues,
it refers to six key factors that influence
an organization’s working environment:
its flexibility—that is, how free employees feel
to innovate unencumbered by red tape; their
sense of responsibility to the organization; the
level of standards that people set; the sense of
accuracy about performance feedback and aptness
of rewards; the clarity people have about
mission and values; and fin
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Kepemimpinan yang mendapat hasilHalaman 1Ide di singkat ide dalam praktekHAK CIPTA © 2000 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Banyak manajer keliru menganggap bahwagaya kepemimpinan adalah fungsi dari kepribadiandaripada pilihan strategis. Melainkanmemilih satu gaya yang sesuai dengan merekatemperamen, mereka harus meminta gaya yangterbaik alamat tuntutan tertentusituasi.Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa yang paling suksespemimpin memiliki kekuatan berikutkompetensi kecerdasan emosional: selfawareness,regulasi diri, motivasi,empati, dan keterampilan sosial. Ada enam dasargaya kepemimpinan; masing-masing membuat penggunaankomponen kunci dari kecerdasan emosionaldalam kombinasi yang berbeda. Para pemimpin yang terbaiktidak tahu hanya pada satu gaya kepemimpinan —mereka terampil beberapa, dan memiliki fleksibilitasuntuk beralih antara gaya seperti keadaanmendikte.Manajer sering gagal untuk menghargai bagaimana sangat iklim organisasi dapat mempengaruhi keuanganhasil. Ini dapat menjelaskan hampir sepertiga dari kinerja keuangan. Organisasi iklim,pada gilirannya, dipengaruhi oleh gaya kepemimpinan — dengan cara bahwa manajer memotivasi laporan langsung,mengumpulkan dan menggunakan informasi, membuat keputusan, mengelola perubahan inisiatif, dan menangani krisis. Adaadalah enam gaya dasar-dasar kepemimpinan. Masing-masing berasal dari kompetensi kecerdasan emosional yang berbeda,terbaik khususnya situasi, dan mempengaruhi iklim organisasi dengan cara yang berbeda.1. gaya koersif. Pendekatan ini "Lakukan apa yang saya katakan"dapat menjadi sangat efektif dalam turnaroundsituasi, bencana alam, atau ketika bekerjadengan karyawan masalah. Tetapi dalam kebanyakan situasi,kepemimpinan koersif menghambat organisasifleksibilitas dan dampens karyawanmotivasi.2. gaya otoritatif. Otoritatifpemimpin mengambil "Ayo dengan saya" pendekatan: dianegara tujuan keseluruhan tapi memberi orangkebebasan untuk memilih cara mereka sendirimencapainya. Gaya ini bekerja baik terutamaKetika sebuah bisnis terombang-ambing. Kurang efektifketika pemimpin bekerja dengan tim ahlilebih berpengalaman daripada dia.3. affiliative gaya. Ciri khas dari affiliativepemimpin adalah sikap "Orang datang pertama".Gaya ini berguna untuk bangunanTim harmoni atau meningkatkan moral. Namuneksklusif fokus pada pujian dapat memungkinkan kinerja yang burukuntuk pergi tidak dikoreksi. Juga, affiliativepemimpin jarang menawarkan saran, yang sering meninggalkankaryawan dalam kebingungan.4. gaya yang demokratis. Gaya ini dampakorganisasi iklim adalah tidak setinggi AndaBayangkan. Dengan memberikan pekerja suara dalamkeputusan, pemimpin demokrasi membangun organisasifleksibilitas dan tanggung jawab dan bantuanmenghasilkan ide-ide segar. Tetapi kadang-kadang hargapertemuan tak berujung dan bingung karyawanyang merasa tergoncang.5. gaya pacesetting. Seorang pemimpin yang setstandar kinerja tinggi dan mencontohkanmereka sendiri memiliki dampak yang sangat positif padakaryawan yang termotivasi diri dan sangatkompeten. Tetapi karyawan lain cenderung merasakewalahan oleh tuntutan seperti seorang pemimpinkeunggulan — dan membenci kecenderungannya untukmengambil alih situasi.6. gaya. Gaya ini berfokuslebih di pengembangan pribadi daripada di langsungtugas-tugas terkait dengan pekerjaan. Bekerja dengan baikketika karyawan sudah menyadari merekakelemahan dan ingin meningkatkan, tetapi tidakketika mereka tahan untuk mengubah merekacara.Gaya lain pemimpin telah menguasai,lebih baik. Secara khusus, karena mampu beralihantara otoritatif, affiliative, demokratis,dan pembinaan gaya seperti kondisi mendiktemenciptakan iklim organisasi terbaikdan mengoptimalkan kinerja bisnis.Kepemimpinan yang mendapatHasiloleh Daniel GolemanHarvard business review • Maret-april 2000 halaman 2HAK CIPTA © 2000 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Penelitian baru menunjukkan bahwa para eksekutif yang paling efektif menggunakan koleksigaya kepemimpinan yang berbeda-masing-masing dalam ukuran yang benar, di yang tepatwaktu. Fleksibilitas semacam itu sulit untuk dimasukkan ke dalam tindakan, tapi itu terbayar dalamkinerja. Dan lebih baik lagi, bisa dipelajari.Mintalah setiap kelompok pebisnis pertanyaan"Apa pemimpin efektif lakukan?" dan Anda akanmendengar menyapu jawaban. Pemimpin menetapkan strategi;mereka memotivasi; mereka membuat misi; merekamembangun budaya. Kemudian bertanya "apa harus pemimpinlakukan?" Jika grup berpengalaman, Anda mungkin akan mendengarSatu Respon: pemimpin tunggal pekerjaan adalah untukmendapatkan hasil.Tapi bagaimana? Misteri apa yang pemimpin dapatdan harus lakukan untuk memicu kinerja terbaikdari orang-orang mereka adalah kuno. Di haribertahun-tahun, misteri telah melahirkan seluruhindustri rumahan: ribuan "kepemimpinanahli"telah membuat karir pengujian danpembinaan eksekutif, Semua dalam mengejar menciptakanpebisnis yang dapat mengubah tebal tujuan —Jadi mereka strategis, keuangan, organisasi, atauSemua tiga — menjadi kenyataan.Namun, kepemimpinan efektif menghindari banyak orangdan organisasi. Salah satu alasan adalah bahwa sampaiBaru-baru ini, hampir tidak ada penelitian kuantitatiftelah menunjukkan kepemimpinan yang tepatperilaku menghasilkan hasil yang positif. Kepemimpinanahli menawari saran berdasarkan kesimpulan, pengalaman,dan naluri. Kadang-kadang itu saranadalah perilaku kepemimpinan yang tepat yang menghasilkanhasil positif. Kepemimpinan ahli menawari saranBerdasarkan kesimpulan, pengalaman, dan naluri.Kadang-kadang itu saran yang tepat sasaran;kadang-kadang hal ini tidak.Penelitian baru tetapi oleh perusahaan konsultanHay/McBer, yang menarik pada sampel acakEksekutif 3,871 yang dipilih dari databaselebih dari 20.000 eksekutif di seluruh dunia,mengambil banyak misteri dari efektifkepemimpinan. Penelitian menemukan enam berbedagaya kepemimpinan, setiap springing dari berbedakomponen dari kecerdasan emosional.Gaya, diambil sendiri-sendiri, muncul untuk memilikidampak yang unik dan langsung pada suasana kerjaperusahaan, divisi atau tim,dan pada gilirannya, pada kinerja keuangan. Danmungkin paling penting, penelitian menunjukkanbahwa pemimpin dengan hasil yang terbaik tidakmengandalkan hanya satu gaya kepemimpinan; mereka menggunakansebagian besar dari mereka dalam satu minggu — mulusdan dalam ukuran yang berbeda-tergantung padasituasi bisnis. Bayangkan gaya, kemudian, sebagaiKepemimpinan yang mendapat hasilHarvard business review • Maret-april 2000 halaman 3sejumlah klub di golf pro di tas. AtasTentu saja permainan, pro mengambil dan memilihKlub berdasarkan tuntutan tembakan.Kadang-kadang dia harus merenungkan pilihan-Nya, tetapibiasanya itu otomatis. Indra protantangan ke depan, cepat menarik keluar kananalat, dan elegan meletakkannya untuk bekerja. Itulah bagaimanadampak tinggi pemimpin beroperasi, terlalu.Apakah enam gaya kepemimpinan? Tidak adaakan mengejutkan veteran tempat kerja. Memang, masing-masinggaya, dengan nama dan deskripsi singkat saja,kemungkinan akan beresonansi dengan siapa pun yang memimpin, adalahdipimpin, atau seperti yang terjadi dengan sebagian besar dari kita, Apakahkeduanya. Permintaan koersif pemimpin segerakepatuhan. Pemimpin otoritatif memobilisasiorang-orang ke arah visi. Menciptakan pemimpin affiliativeikatan emosional dan harmoni. Partai Demokratpemimpin membangun konsensus melalui partisipasi.Pacesetting pemimpin mengharapkan keunggulandan arah diri. Dan pelatihan pemimpin mengembangkanorang-orang untuk masa depan.Tutup mata Anda dan Anda pasti bisa bayangkanseorang rekan yang menggunakan salah satu dari gaya ini.Kemungkinan besar Anda menggunakan setidaknya satu sendiri. Apabaru dalam penelitian ini, maka, adalah implikasinyauntuk tindakan. Pertama, menawarkan pemahaman yang halusbetapa berbedanya kepemimpinan gaya mempengaruhikinerja dan hasil. Kedua, menawarkanpanduan yang jelas pada ketika seorang manajer harusberalih di antara mereka. Itu juga sangat menyarankanbahwa beralih fleksibel baik disarankan. Baru,juga, penelitian menemukan bahwa setiap kepemimpinangaya mata air dari berbagai komponenkecerdasan emosional.Kepemimpinan mengukur dampakSudah lebih dari satu dekade sejak penelitianpertama terkait aspek kecerdasan emosionaluntuk hasil bisnis. David McClelland akhir,seorang psikolog Harvard University dicatat,ditemukan bahwa pemimpin dengan kekuatan pada kritismassa enam atau lebih kecerdasan emosionalkompetensi yang jauh lebih efektif daripadarekan-rekan yang tidak memiliki kekuatan seperti itu. Misalnya,ketika ia menganalisis kinerja Divisikepala di pangan global dan minuman perusahaan,ia menemukan bahwa antara pemimpin dengan ini pentingmassa kompetensi, 87% ditempatkan di atasketiga untuk bonus gaji tahunan berdasarkan merekakinerja bisnis. Lebih lanjut mengatakan, divisi merekapendapatan tahunan rata-rata mengunggulitarget oleh 15% sampai 20%. Eksekutif tersebut yangtidak memiliki kecerdasan emosional yang jarangdinilai sebagai luar biasa dalam kinerja tahunan merekaReview, dan divisi mereka kurang sukses di pasaranrata-rata hampir 20%.Penelitian kami berangkat untuk mendapatkan lebih molekulerLihat link antara kepemimpinan dankecerdasan emosional, dan iklim dan kinerja.Tim McClelland di kolegadipimpin oleh Mary Fontaine dan Ruth JacobsHay McBer belajar data tentang atau diamatiribuan eksekutif, mencatat tertentuperilaku dan pengaruh mereka pada iklim.1Bagaimana masing-masing individu memotivasi laporan langsung?Mengelola perubahan inisiatif? Menangani krisis?Pada tahap berikutnya penelitiankami mengidentifikasi mana kecerdasan emosionalkemampuan mengusir enam kepemimpinangaya. Bagaimana ia menilai dalam hal selfcontroldan keterampilan sosial? Tidak menunjukkan seorang pemimpintinggi atau rendahnya tingkat empati?Tim diuji setiap pelaksana 's segeralingkup pengaruh untuk iklim. "Iklim"tidak istilah amorf. Pertama kali didefinisikan oleh psikologGeorge Litwin dan Richard Stringerdan kemudian disempurnakan oleh McClelland dan rekan-rekannya,Ia merujuk kepada enam faktor yang mempengaruhilingkungan kerja organisasi:fleksibilitas — yaitu, bagaimana gratis karyawan merasauntuk berinovasi terbebani oleh birokrasi; merekarasa tanggung jawab untuk organisasi; Thetingkat standar yang orang ditetapkan; rasaakurasi tentang kinerja umpan balik dan ketangkasanPenghargaan; kejelasan orang miliki tentangMisi dan nilai-nilai; dan sirip
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Leadership That Gets Results
page 1
The Idea in Brief The Idea in Practice
COPYRIGHT © 2000 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Many managers mistakenly assume that
leadership style is a function of personality
rather than strategic choice. Instead of
choosing the one style that suits their
temperament, they should ask which style
best addresses the demands of a particular
situation.
Research has shown that the most successful
leaders have strengths in the following
emotional intelligence competencies: selfawareness,
self-regulation, motivation,
empathy, and social skill. There are six basic
styles of leadership; each makes use of the
key components of emotional intelligence
in different combinations. The best leaders
don’t know just one style of leadership—
they’re skilled at several, and have the flexibility
to switch between styles as the circumstances
dictate.
Managers often fail to appreciate how profoundly the organizational climate can influence financial
results. It can account for nearly a third of financial performance. Organizational climate,
in turn, is influenced by leadership style—by the way that managers motivate direct reports,
gather and use information, make decisions, manage change initiatives, and handle crises. There
are six basic leadership styles. Each derives from different emotional intelligence competencies,
works best in particular situations, and affects the organizational climate in different ways.
1. The coercive style. This “Do what I say” approach
can be very effective in a turnaround
situation, a natural disaster, or when working
with problem employees. But in most situations,
coercive leadership inhibits the organization’s
flexibility and dampens employees’
motivation.
2. The authoritative style. An authoritative
leader takes a “Come with me” approach: she
states the overall goal but gives people the
freedom to choose their own means of
achieving it. This style works especially well
when a business is adrift. It is less effective
when the leader is working with a team of experts
who are more experienced than he is.
3. The affiliative style. The hallmark of the affiliative
leader is a “People come first” attitude.
This style is particularly useful for building
team harmony or increasing morale. But its
exclusive focus on praise can allow poor performance
to go uncorrected. Also, affiliative
leaders rarely offer advice, which often leaves
employees in a quandary.
4. The democratic style. This style’s impact
on organizational climate is not as high as you
might imagine. By giving workers a voice in
decisions, democratic leaders build organizational
flexibility and responsibility and help
generate fresh ideas. But sometimes the price
is endless meetings and confused employees
who feel leaderless.
5. The pacesetting style. A leader who sets
high performance standards and exemplifies
them himself has a very positive impact on
employees who are self-motivated and highly
competent. But other employees tend to feel
overwhelmed by such a leader’s demands for
excellence—and to resent his tendency to
take over a situation.
6. The coaching style. This style focuses
more on personal development than on immediate
work-related tasks. It works well
when employees are already aware of their
weaknesses and want to improve, but not
when they are resistant to changing their
ways.
The more styles a leader has mastered, the
better. In particular, being able to switch
among the authoritative, affiliative, democratic,
and coaching styles as conditions dictate
creates the best organizational climate
and optimizes business performance.
Leadership That Gets
Results
by Daniel Goleman
harvard business review • march–april 2000 page 2
COPYRIGHT © 2000 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
New research suggests that the most effective executives use a collection
of distinct leadership styles—each in the right measure, at just the right
time. Such flexibility is tough to put into action, but it pays off in
performance. And better yet, it can be learned.
Ask any group of businesspeople the question
“What do effective leaders do?” and you’ll
hear a sweep of answers. Leaders set strategy;
they motivate; they create a mission; they
build a culture. Then ask “What should leaders
do?” If the group is seasoned, you’ll likely hear
one response: the leader’s singular job is to
get results.
But how? The mystery of what leaders can
and ought to do in order to spark the best performance
from their people is age-old. In recent
years, that mystery has spawned an entire
cottage industry: literally thousands of “leadership
experts” have made careers of testing and
coaching executives, all in pursuit of creating
businesspeople who can turn bold objectives—
be they strategic, financial, organizational, or
all three—into reality.
Still, effective leadership eludes many people
and organizations. One reason is that until
recently, virtually no quantitative research
has demonstrated which precise leadership
behaviors yield positive results. Leadership
experts proffer advice based on inference, experience,
and instinct. Sometimes that advice
is which precise leadership behaviors yield
positive results. Leadership experts proffer advice
based on inference, experience, and instinct.
Sometimes that advice is right on target;
sometimes it’s not.
But new research by the consulting firm
Hay/McBer, which draws on a random sample
of 3,871 executives selected from a database of
more than 20,000 executives worldwide,
takes much of the mystery out of effective
leadership. The research found six distinct
leadership styles, each springing from different
components of emotional intelligence.
The styles, taken individually, appear to have
a direct and unique impact on the working atmosphere
of a company, division, or team,
and in turn, on its financial performance. And
perhaps most important, the research indicates
that leaders with the best results do not
rely on only one leadership style; they use
most of them in a given week—seamlessly
and in different measure—depending on the
business situation. Imagine the styles, then, as
Leadership That Gets Results
harvard business review • march–april 2000 page 3
the array of clubs in a golf pro’s bag. Over the
course of a game, the pro picks and chooses
clubs based on the demands of the shot.
Sometimes he has to ponder his selection, but
usually it is automatic. The pro senses the
challenge ahead, swiftly pulls out the right
tool, and elegantly puts it to work. That’s how
high-impact leaders operate, too.
What are the six styles of leadership? None
will shock workplace veterans. Indeed, each
style, by name and brief description alone,
will likely resonate with anyone who leads, is
led, or as is the case with most of us, does
both. Coercive leaders demand immediate
compliance. Authoritative leaders mobilize
people toward a vision. Affiliative leaders create
emotional bonds and harmony. Democratic
leaders build consensus through participation.
Pacesetting leaders expect excellence
and self-direction. And coaching leaders develop
people for the future.
Close your eyes and you can surely imagine
a colleague who uses any one of these styles.
You most likely use at least one yourself. What
is new in this research, then, is its implications
for action. First, it offers a fine-grained understanding
of how different leadership styles affect
performance and results. Second, it offers
clear guidance on when a manager should
switch between them. It also strongly suggests
that switching flexibly is well advised. New,
too, is the research’s finding that each leadership
style springs from different components
of emotional intelligence.
Measuring Leadership’s Impact
It has been more than a decade since research
first linked aspects of emotional intelligence
to business results. The late David McClelland,
a noted Harvard University psychologist,
found that leaders with strengths in a critical
mass of six or more emotional intelligence
competencies were far more effective than
peers who lacked such strengths. For instance,
when he analyzed the performance of division
heads at a global food and beverage company,
he found that among leaders with this critical
mass of competence, 87% placed in the top
third for annual salary bonuses based on their
business performance. More telling, their divisions
on average outperformed yearly revenue
targets by 15% to 20%. Those executives who
lacked emotional intelligence were rarely
rated as outstanding in their annual performance
reviews, and their divisions underperformed
by an average of almost 20%.
Our research set out to gain a more molecular
view of the links among leadership and
emotional intelligence, and climate and performance.
A team of McClelland’s colleagues
headed by Mary Fontaine and Ruth Jacobs
from Hay/McBer studied data about or observed
thousands of executives, noting specific
behaviors and their impact on climate.
1
How did each individual motivate direct reports?
Manage change initiatives? Handle crises?
It was in a later phase of the research
that we identified which emotional intelligence
capabilities drive the six leadership
styles. How does he rate in terms of selfcontrol
and social skill? Does a leader show
high or low levels of empathy?
The team tested each executive’s immediate
sphere of influence for its climate. “Climate” is
not an amorphous term. First defined by psychologists
George Litwin and Richard Stringer
and later refined by McClelland and his colleagues,
it refers to six key factors that influence
an organization’s working environment:
its flexibility—that is, how free employees feel
to innovate unencumbered by red tape; their
sense of responsibility to the organization; the
level of standards that people set; the sense of
accuracy about performance feedback and aptness
of rewards; the clarity people have about
mission and values; and fin
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