This review of the evidence for ear

This review of the evidence for early agriculture in New Guinea supported by new data from Kuk Swamp demonstrates that cultivation had begun there by at least 6950-6440 cal BP and probably much earlier. Contrary to previous ideas, the first farming in New Guinea was not owed to South-East Asia, but emerged independently in the Highlands. Indeed plants such as the banana were probably first domesticated in New Guinea and later diffused into the Asian continent.
Recent multi-disciplinary investigation shave filled out previous,largely speculative
chronologies of prehistoric plane exploitation(Harri s1995)and confirm previous
interpretations that agriculture arose independently in New Guinea (Table3.New multidisciplinary investigation sat Kuk have advanced previous interpretations of prehistoric plant
exploitation in the Highlands of New Guinea in two significant ways.

First, multi-disciplinary lines of evidence(including archaeological,archaeobotanical,
palaeo ecological and stratigraphic)show that agriculture was practiced in the Upper Wahgi
Valley byat least 6950-6440 cal BP and probably much earlier. The evidence for earlier plant
exploitation practice sat Kuki sin sufficientrobe definitive of agriculture,as previously claimed (Golson1977a:613-5,1991a;Golson&Hughes1980;Hope&GoLson1995:824). The timing of the emergence of agriculture in the Highlands of New Guinea requires clarification
through greater interpretative resolution of the Phase 1 record at Kuk and the excavation of
additional sites with evidence of early Holocene plant exploitation. Second, agriculture may have emerged in the Highlands of New Guinea as opposed to the lowlands. Golson suggested that agriculture originated in rhelowlands and spreadwiih expand in g populations into the Highlands as climate same liorated at the beginning of the Holocene (Golson1991b:88-9;Hope&Golson1995:827-8). It is argued here that agriculture emerged from broad-spectrum plant exploitation practices in the Highlands which had enabled permanent occupation of the interior during the Lare Pleistocene.Glimatic (Late Pleistocene) and environmental(early tomid Holocene) for cing of existing plant exploitation practices ledr or hedeveiopment of more intervention is tand extensive strategies in the Highlands. Although the specific mechanisms remain uncertain,anincreasing focus 852 77 mDenham.SimonHaberle&CarolLentfer
on major sources of starch,including Colocasiarare and Eumusabananas, were central to the
emergence ofa griculture in the Highlands. Aswirha nearlier debate concerning arboriculture (compareKirch1989toSwadlingf frt/.
1991 and Yen 1996), agriculture in New Guinea was traditionally view edas being of South east
Asian origin(e.g.Sauer1952).The archaeological, archaeobotanical and palaeoecological
fmdingsat Kuk corroboratephyto geographic and genetic interpretations of independent
plant domestication in Melanesia and demonstrate that agriculture emerged in New Guinea
independently of any South-east Asian influence by at least 6950-6440calBP. Indeed,the
early Holocene Eumusa section banana sat Kuk solidify previous interpretations for the early
diffusion of domesticated plants from New Guinea and their subsequent influence on the
development of agriculture in Southeast Asia(DeLanghe&deMaret1999:378-82)and
Africa(Mbidaetal.2000,2001).Such fmdings open up new possibilities for interaction
between mainland South east Asia and New Guinea during the early and mid-Holocene(i.e.
prior ro Auscronesian dispersal into Indo-Malaysia and Melanesia)and require us to rethink
the origin sandspread of agriculture in the Pacific, South east Asia and beyond.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Review ini bukti awal pertanian di New Guinea didukung oleh data baru dari rawa-rawa Kuk menunjukkan bahwa budidaya telah dimulai di sana oleh setidaknya 6950-6440 cal BP dan mungkin banyak sebelumnya. Bertentangan dengan ide-ide sebelumnya, pertanian pertama di New Guinea tidak berutang untuk Asia Tenggara, tetapi muncul secara mandiri di dataran tinggi. Memang tanaman seperti pisang yang mungkin pertama dijinakkan di New Guinea dan kemudian menyebar ke benua Asia.Hari multi-disiplin penyelidikan mencukur diisi sebelumnya, sebagian besar spekulatifKronologi dari prasejarah pesawat eksploitasi (Harri s1995) dan mengkonfirmasi sebelumnyainterpretasi yang pertanian muncul secara mandiri di New Guinea (Table3.New multidisiplin penyelidikan duduk Kuk telah maju sebelumnya interpretasi prasejarah tanamaneksploitasi di dataran tinggi Papua dalam dua cara yang signifikan.Baris pertama, multi-disiplin bukti (termasuk arkeologi, archaeobotanical,Tampilkan palaeo ekologi dan stratigrafi) bahwa pertanian dipraktekkan di atas WahgiValley byat 6950-6440 setidaknya cal BP dan mungkin banyak sebelumnya. Bukti awal tanamaneksploitasi praktek duduk Kuki dosa sufficientrobe definitif pertanian, seperti sebelumnya mengklaim (Golson1977a:613-5, 1991a;Golson & Hughes1980;Harapan & GoLson1995:824). Waktu munculnya pertanian di Highlands Nugini memerlukan klarifikasimelalui resolusi interpretatif lebih besar dari tahap 1 catatan Kuk dan penggaliansitus dengan bukti Holosen awal tanaman eksploitasi. Kedua, pertanian telah muncul di dataran tinggi Papua sebagai lawan dari dataran rendah. Golson menyarankan bahwa pertanian yang berasal dari rhelowlands dan spreadwiih memperluas dalam populasi g ke dataran tinggi sebagai iklim sama liorated pada awal Holocene (Golson1991b:88-9;Harapan & Golson1995:827-8). Hal ini berpendapat di sini bahwa pertanian muncul dari praktek-praktek eksploitasi spektrum luas tanaman di dataran tinggi yang telah memungkinkan permanen pekerjaan interior selama Lare Pleistocene.Glimatic (akhir Pleistosen) dan lingkungan (awal tomid Holosen) untuk cing ada tanaman eksploitasi praktek ledr atau hedeveiopment lain intervensi adalah strategi luas tand di dataran tinggi. Meskipun mekanisme spesifik tetap tidak menentu, anincreasing fokus 852 77 mDenham.SimonHaberle & CarolLentferpada sumber-sumber utama Pati, termasuk Colocasiarare dan Eumusabananas, sangat sentralmunculnya ofa griculture di dataran tinggi. Aswirha nearlier perdebatan mengenai arboriculture (compareKirch1989toSwadlingf frt /.1991 dan Yen 1996), pertanian di Nugini tradisional Lihat edas menjadi Selatan TimurAsia origin(e.g.Sauer1952).Arkeologi, archaeobotanical dan palaeoecologicalfmdingsat Kuk corroboratephyto geografis dan genetik interpretasi independentanaman domestikasi di Melanesia dan menunjukkan bahwa pertanian muncul di New GuineaTerlepas dari Asia Tenggara apapun mempengaruhi dengan setidaknya 6950-6440calBP. Memang,pisang bagian Eumusa Holosen awal duduk Kuk memantapkan interpretasi sebelumnya untuk awalDifusi peliharaan tanaman dari Papua dan pengaruh mereka berikutnya padapengembangan pertanian di Tenggara Asia(DeLanghe&deMaret1999:378-82) danAfrica(Mbidaetal.2000,2001).Fmdings demikian membuka kemungkinan-kemungkinan baru untuk interaksiantara daratan Asia Tenggara dan Nugini selama awal dan pertengahan Holosen (yaitusebelumnya ro Auscronesian penyebaran ke Indo-Malaysia dan Melanesia) dan memerlukan kita untuk memikirkan kembaliasal sandspread pertanian di Pasifik, Asia Tenggara dan seterusnya.