Currently available diagnostic tools for tuberculosis rely onAFB micro terjemahan - Currently available diagnostic tools for tuberculosis rely onAFB micro Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Currently available diagnostic tool

Currently available diagnostic tools for tuberculosis rely on
AFB microscopy, culture growth, and molecular DNA detection
(eg, Xpert MTB/RIF test) of M. tuberculosis in specimens,
largely in sputum. However, children, especially those
,5 years old, cannot expectorate sputum [6]. Gastric aspirate,
sputum induction, laryngeal swab, and nasopharyngeal
aspirate are methods used to obtain samples from children,
with positive AFB results ranging from 1% to 17% and
culture growth ranging from 15% to 92% [46]. Multiple
specimens taken over 1 day using all induction methods
available (ie, gastric aspirates, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and
induced sputum) had a higher yield than successive samples
from any one site and reduced hospitalization and overall
costs [47]. Sputum induction was safe, preferable to gastric
aspirate [48], and feasible in a peripheral clinic [49] in a high
HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting. A string test in
which children swallow a gelatin capsule containing a coiled
nylon string later withdrawn and used for mycobacterial
culture can also be used [50]. Fine needle aspiration of
lymph nodes can also be used in children [51].
However, the wider use of these methods is challenged
by operational issues and normally only available in hightier
facilities (ie, tertiary hospitals) in major cities in most
resource-limited settings [22]. The recommended approach
for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is shown in Table 2 and is
similar in HIV-negative children and those living with HIV.
Clinical diagnostic approaches using symptoms and signs
[52], including scoring systems [46], have been used to facilitate
the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. However,
they are not standardized, validated, nor adapted to malnourished
children or children living with HIV [46, 52].
Score charts perform particularly poorly in children suspected
of pulmonary tuberculosis and in children living with
HIV [9].
The approach recommended for national TB control programs
in resource-constrained settings to diagnose tuberculosis
in children includes careful history (including history
of tuberculosis contact and symptoms consistent with tuberculosis),
clinical examination (including growth assessment),
TST, bacteriological confirmation whenever possible, additional
investigations relevant for suspected pulmonary tuberculosis
and suspected extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and HIV
testing (in settings with high prevalence of HIV) [9]. The presence
of $3 of the following should strongly suggest a diagnosis
of tuberculosis: history of tuberculosis contact and chronic
symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis, physical signs highly suggestive
of tuberculosis, and positive TST or IGRA and chest
radiographic findings suggestive of tuberculosis [9]. TST and
IGRA do not discriminate between latent infection and active
disease and can only partially assist in the diagnosis among
children with signs and symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis,
including those who are HIV-infected [24]. Proper identification
of samples for bacteriological confirmation through
microscopy and culture and for other molecular DNA detection
methods is therefore important. Xpert MTB/RIF test,
an automated real-time nucleic acid amplification assay that
can detect tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in ,2 hours,
performed on 2 induced-sputum samples, detected 76% of
all culture-proven cases, including among children living
with HIV [53].
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Currently available diagnostic tools for tuberculosis rely onAFB microscopy, culture growth, and molecular DNA detection(eg, Xpert MTB/RIF test) of M. tuberculosis in specimens,largely in sputum. However, children, especially those,5 years old, cannot expectorate sputum [6]. Gastric aspirate,sputum induction, laryngeal swab, and nasopharyngealaspirate are methods used to obtain samples from children,with positive AFB results ranging from 1% to 17% andculture growth ranging from 15% to 92% [46]. Multiplespecimens taken over 1 day using all induction methodsavailable (ie, gastric aspirates, nasopharyngeal aspirates, andinduced sputum) had a higher yield than successive samplesfrom any one site and reduced hospitalization and overallcosts [47]. Sputum induction was safe, preferable to gastricaspirate [48], and feasible in a peripheral clinic [49] in a highHIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting. A string test inwhich children swallow a gelatin capsule containing a coilednylon string later withdrawn and used for mycobacterialculture can also be used [50]. Fine needle aspiration oflymph nodes can also be used in children [51].However, the wider use of these methods is challengedby operational issues and normally only available in hightierfacilities (ie, tertiary hospitals) in major cities in mostresource-limited settings [22]. The recommended approachfor the diagnosis of tuberculosis is shown in Table 2 and issimilar in HIV-negative children and those living with HIV.Clinical diagnostic approaches using symptoms and signs[52], including scoring systems [46], have been used to facilitatethe diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. However,they are not standardized, validated, nor adapted to malnourishedchildren or children living with HIV [46, 52].Score charts perform particularly poorly in children suspectedof pulmonary tuberculosis and in children living withHIV [9].The approach recommended for national TB control programsin resource-constrained settings to diagnose tuberculosisin children includes careful history (including historyof tuberculosis contact and symptoms consistent with tuberculosis),clinical examination (including growth assessment),TST, bacteriological confirmation whenever possible, additionalinvestigations relevant for suspected pulmonary tuberculosisand suspected extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and HIVtesting (in settings with high prevalence of HIV) [9]. The presenceof $3 of the following should strongly suggest a diagnosisof tuberculosis: history of tuberculosis contact and chronicsymptoms suggestive of tuberculosis, physical signs highly suggestiveof tuberculosis, and positive TST or IGRA and chestradiographic findings suggestive of tuberculosis [9]. TST andIGRA do not discriminate between latent infection and activedisease and can only partially assist in the diagnosis amongchildren with signs and symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis,including those who are HIV-infected [24]. Proper identificationof samples for bacteriological confirmation throughmicroscopy and culture and for other molecular DNA detectionmethods is therefore important. Xpert MTB/RIF test,an automated real-time nucleic acid amplification assay thatcan detect tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in ,2 hours,performed on 2 induced-sputum samples, detected 76% ofall culture-proven cases, including among children livingwith HIV [53].
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Saat ini alat diagnostik yang tersedia untuk TB bergantung pada
mikroskop AFB, pertumbuhan budaya, dan deteksi DNA molekul
(misalnya, Xpert MTB / RIF tes) dari M. tuberculosis dalam spesimen,
sebagian besar dalam sputum. Namun, anak-anak, terutama mereka
, berusia 5 tahun, tidak bisa meludah dahak [6]. Aspirasi lambung,
induksi dahak, swab tenggorokan, dan nasofaring
aspirasi metode yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan sampel dari anak-anak,
dengan hasil BTA positif mulai dari 1% menjadi 17% dan
pertumbuhan budaya mulai dari 15% sampai 92% [46]. Beberapa
spesimen diambil alih 1 hari dengan menggunakan semua metode induksi
tersedia (yaitu, aspirat lambung, aspirat nasofaring, dan
diinduksi sputum) memiliki hasil yang lebih tinggi daripada sampel berturut
dari salah satu situs dan mengurangi rawat inap dan secara keseluruhan
biaya [47]. Induksi dahak aman, lebih baik untuk lambung
aspirasi [48], dan layak di klinik perifer [49] dalam tinggi
pengaturan prevalensi HIV dan tuberkulosis. Sebuah tes string
yang anak-anak menelan kapsul gelatin mengandung melingkar
tali nilon kemudian ditarik dan digunakan untuk mikobakteri
budaya juga dapat digunakan [50]. Aspirasi jarum halus dari
kelenjar getah bening juga dapat digunakan pada anak-anak [51].
Namun, penggunaan yang lebih luas dari metode ini ditantang
oleh masalah operasional dan biasanya hanya tersedia di hightier
fasilitas (yaitu, rumah sakit tersier) di kota-kota besar di sebagian besar
terbatas sumber daya pengaturan [22]. Pendekatan yang direkomendasikan
untuk diagnosis TB ditunjukkan pada Tabel 2 dan
serupa pada anak HIV-negatif dan mereka yang hidup dengan HIV.
Pendekatan diagnostik klinis menggunakan gejala dan tanda-tanda
[52], termasuk sistem penilaian [46], telah digunakan untuk memfasilitasi
diagnosis TB pada anak-anak. Namun,
mereka tidak standar, divalidasi, atau disesuaikan dengan kekurangan gizi
anak-anak atau anak-anak yang hidup dengan HIV [46, 52].
Skor grafik tampil sangat buruk pada anak-anak yang diduga
TB paru dan pada anak-anak yang hidup dengan
HIV [9].
Pendekatan yang direkomendasikan untuk program pengendalian TB nasional
di rangkaian terbatas sumber daya untuk mendiagnosis TB
pada anak-anak termasuk sejarah-hati (termasuk riwayat
kontak TB dan gejala konsisten dengan TB),
pemeriksaan klinis (termasuk penilaian pertumbuhan),
TST, konfirmasi bakteriologi bila memungkinkan, tambahan
investigasi yang relevan untuk tersangka TB paru
dan diduga paru TBC, dan HIV
testing (di pengaturan dengan prevalensi tinggi HIV) [9]. Kehadiran
dari $ 3 dari berikut ini harus sangat menyarankan diagnosis
TB: riwayat kontak TB dan kronis
gejala sugestif TB, tanda-tanda fisik yang sangat sugestif
tuberkulosis, dan TST positif atau IGRA dan dada
temuan radiografi sugestif tuberkulosis [9]. TST dan
IGRA tidak membedakan antara infeksi laten dan aktif
penyakit dan hanya dapat sebagian membantu dalam diagnosis antara
anak-anak dengan tanda-tanda dan gejala sugestif TB,
termasuk mereka yang terinfeksi HIV [24]. Identifikasi
dari sampel untuk konfirmasi bakteriologi melalui
mikroskop dan budaya dan untuk deteksi DNA molekul lain
metode itu penting. Xpert MTB / test RIF,
sebuah otomatis real-time asam nukleat amplifikasi assay yang
dapat mendeteksi TB dan resistensi rifampisin di, 2 jam,
dilakukan pada 2 sampel diinduksi-sputum, terdeteksi 76% dari
semua kasus budaya-terbukti, termasuk kalangan anak-anak yang hidup
dengan HIV [53].
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