that the activities of managers and management scientists are mutually terjemahan - that the activities of managers and management scientists are mutually Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

that the activities of managers and

that the activities of managers and management scientists are mutually e):dusive, that research can be carried out more or less in a vacuum and thesi implemented. The second approach empha¬sizes the scientist "getting the message across" and relies on the amount of communication. The persuader, on the other hand, is interested in the personality of the manager so that he can ascer¬tain the best strategy for offsetting resistance and implementing change. Mutual understanding requires empathy on the part of all concerned; scientists shouid understand the whole world of the manager and vice versa.
One of the difficulties in the manager-scientist relationship is the type and level of problems that seem to interest each party. Although the well-developed techniques are quite effective on routine, easily quantified problems, top management cannot ignore novel, ill-structured problems. "The ternptation for us (scientists/technicians) to 'play it safe' and apply ourselves only to problems that do not involve the skills on which man¬agers rnost pride themselves continues strong today."'" While some management problems involve stable, predictable relation¬ships, most of them include values and variables which change over tirne. Uncertainty reigns in many situations. Hertz suggests that:
We must bridge the gap between two types of problems: (1) the enterptise problems, in which influential variables are iargely external, nonmaaipulable, often nonstable, and difficu!t to estimate; in which the possible outcomes vary widely and the possible pen¬alties are costly and irreversible; and in which the expected value of the outcome rarely is significant, even when calculable; and‘(2) the repetitive, operations, or process problems, in which the incre¬mental penalties are low, there are many internal variables, and the environment can be made structurally stable through feedback control processes."
Type 2 problems seem amenable to routine, straightforward quan¬titative techniques. A "separate-:unctions" approach may even be workable in such an environment. A more sophisticated ap-proach involving adaptations and combinations of techniques is necessary for type 1 problems, as is mutual understanding on the part of managers and scientists. Which direction shall we take? Heany poses the question as follows:
"David B. Hertz, "Mobilizing Management Science Resources," Matingcment Scie►ce, Januar• 1q65, p. 364.
"ilbid.. p. 366.





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that the activities of managers and management scientists are mutually e):dusive, that research can be carried out more or less in a vacuum and thesi implemented. The second approach empha¬sizes the scientist "getting the message across" and relies on the amount of communication. The persuader, on the other hand, is interested in the personality of the manager so that he can ascer¬tain the best strategy for offsetting resistance and implementing change. Mutual understanding requires empathy on the part of all concerned; scientists shouid understand the whole world of the manager and vice versa.
One of the difficulties in the manager-scientist relationship is the type and level of problems that seem to interest each party. Although the well-developed techniques are quite effective on routine, easily quantified problems, top management cannot ignore novel, ill-structured problems. "The ternptation for us (scientists/technicians) to 'play it safe' and apply ourselves only to problems that do not involve the skills on which man¬agers rnost pride themselves continues strong today."'" While some management problems involve stable, predictable relation¬ships, most of them include values and variables which change over tirne. Uncertainty reigns in many situations. Hertz suggests that:
We must bridge the gap between two types of problems: (1) the enterptise problems, in which influential variables are iargely external, nonmaaipulable, often nonstable, and difficu!t to estimate; in which the possible outcomes vary widely and the possible pen¬alties are costly and irreversible; and in which the expected value of the outcome rarely is significant, even when calculable; and‘(2) the repetitive, operations, or process problems, in which the incre¬mental penalties are low, there are many internal variables, and the environment can be made structurally stable through feedback control processes."
Type 2 problems seem amenable to routine, straightforward quan¬titative techniques. A "separate-:unctions" approach may even be workable in such an environment. A more sophisticated ap-proach involving adaptations and combinations of techniques is necessary for type 1 problems, as is mutual understanding on the part of managers and scientists. Which direction shall we take? Heany poses the question as follows:
"David B. Hertz, "Mobilizing Management Science Resources," Matingcment Scie►ce, Januar• 1q65, p. 364.
"ilbid.. p. 366.





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bahwa kegiatan manajer dan ilmuwan manajemen yang saling e): dusive, penelitian yang dapat dilakukan kurang lebih dalam ruang hampa dan Thesi dilaksanakan. Pendekatan kedua empha¬sizes ilmuwan "mendapatkan pesan di seberang" dan bergantung pada jumlah komunikasi. Pembujuk, di sisi lain, tertarik pada kepribadian manajer sehingga ia dapat ascer¬tain strategi terbaik untuk mengimbangi perlawanan dan mengimplementasikan perubahan. Saling pengertian membutuhkan empati pada bagian dari semua pihak; ilmuwan Haruskah memahami seluruh dunia manajer dan sebaliknya.
Salah satu kesulitan dalam hubungan manajer-ilmuwan adalah jenis dan tingkat masalah yang tampaknya menarik masing-masing pihak. Meskipun teknik yang berkembang dengan baik cukup efektif pada rutin, masalah mudah diukur, manajemen puncak tidak bisa mengabaikan baru, ill-structured masalah. "The ternptation bagi kita (para ilmuwan / teknisi) untuk 'bermain aman' dan menerapkan diri hanya untuk masalah yang tidak melibatkan keterampilan yang man¬agers kebanggaan rnost sendiri terus kuat hari ini." '"Sementara beberapa masalah manajemen melibatkan stabil, relation¬ships diprediksi, kebanyakan dari mereka termasuk nilai-nilai dan variabel yang berubah dari tirne Ketidakpastian memerintah dalam banyak situasi Hertz menunjukkan bahwa:..
Kita harus menjembatani kesenjangan antara dua jenis masalah: (1) masalah enterptise, di mana variabel yang berpengaruh adalah ! iargely eksternal, nonmaaipulable, sering nonstable, dan difficu t untuk memperkirakan, di mana hasil yang mungkin bervariasi dan pen¬alties mungkin mahal dan tidak dapat diubah, dan di mana nilai yang diharapkan dari hasil jarang signifikan, bahkan ketika dihitung; dan '(2) berulang-ulang, operasi, atau masalah proses, di mana hukuman incre¬mental rendah, ada banyak variabel internal dan lingkungan dapat dilakukan secara struktural stabil melalui proses kontrol umpan balik. "
Tipe 2 masalah tampaknya setuju untuk rutin, teknik quan¬titative langsung. A "separate-: unctions" pendekatan bahkan mungkin bisa diterapkan di lingkungan seperti itu. Sebuah ap-proach lebih canggih yang melibatkan adaptasi dan kombinasi teknik yang diperlukan untuk tipe 1 masalah, seperti saling pengertian di pihak manajer dan ilmuwan. Arah mana yang akan kita ambil? Heany menimbulkan pertanyaan sebagai berikut:
".. Matingcment Scie►ce, Januar • 1q65, p 364" David B. Hertz, "Mobilisasi Manajemen Ilmu Resources,
"ilbid .. p. 366.





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