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The European challenge to the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth centuryhelped awaken the central authority from its slumber and encouraged it tolaunch an ambitious program of modernization called the Tanzimat, whichbegan in the early nineteenth century. The Empire responded by adoptingTanzimat, a wholesale modernization of Ottoman society from the top down.The Ottoman political and military elite were aware of the necessity of takingdrastic “modernization measures” if they wished to keep the Empire afloat.Most leading Ottoman bureaucrats and the intelligentsia, including the religious intelligentsia, were firmly behind modernization. The ulama[Muslim religious leaders] supported modernization in the hope that “thewelfare of the umma” would be safeguarded.5 Although the different nineteenth-century Ottoman Sultans put their weight behind the Tanzimat, theprocess did not prevent the collapse of the Empire by the end of the FirstWorld War. Before the Empire unraveled, however, a new breed of secularOttoman intelligentsia arose, a small group of which saw the salvation of thestate in adopting Westernization. They viewed this as the only solution to thebackwardness of the state. The discourse of this community of peoplecentered on a new understanding of nationalism, secularism, and progress.
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