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Studying the evolution of the human

Studying the evolution of the human brain can provide researchers with insight into the developmental path of language and intelligence. It is possible to use an endocast — the impression taken from the inside of the cranium that retains the surface features of the brain — to learn about the brain structures of humanity’s ancient ancestors.

Unfortunately, many of the hominin fossils that have been discovered are incomplete or are filled with a heavy calcified matrix, making it difficult or impossible to reconstruct the endocasts without damaging the fossils. The Homo Liujiang skull, discovered in 1958 in Liujiang, Guangxi, China, is the most complete and best preserved late-Pleistocene human fossil to be found in southern China, but it is filled with a matrix that prevents conventional examination of its interior.

Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, led by Xiujie Wu, examined the endocast of the Liujiang cranium in three dimensions using high-resolution industrial computed tomography (CT). Although CT has been used to examine fossils since the early 1980s, it rarely has been used to investigate those found in China.

Researchers used computed tomography to scan and digitally visualize a hominin skull. A virtual 3-D representation of the skull and the endocast is on the left. On the right are images of the extracted virtual endocast from various angles.

The investigators processed the scanned slice data with 2-D reconstruction software created at the academy’s Institute of High Energy Physics. They manually removed the interior matrix from the fossil in the images and transformed the scans into a 3-D model. Nine standardized measurements and 11 landmarks were chosen, measured and compared with the same marks and measurements on 15 other skulls, including fossils from China, Indonesia, Europe and Africa, as well as a modern Chinese cranium.

Despite the age of the Liujiang cranium, which has been assigned a date of more than 40 000 years old, the brain morphology that can be inferred from its endocast has more in common with the modern Chinese skull than with more primitive fossils.

Interestingly, the Liujiang fossil has a cranial capacity of 1567 cc, well within the normal range (1300 to 1750 cc) of modern human brain size.

Adapted from the Chinese Science Bulletin, January 2008, pp.2513-2519.

Text: Adapted from http://www.photonics.com/Content/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=35038

Photo: http://anthropology.net/2008/07/17/a-3d-computed-tomography-scan-of-the-liujiang-cranium/




The Liujiang skull is of a modern human

Liujiang skull colour montage
New research, led by Wu Xiujie from Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, is reported in Volume 53, Issue 16 of the Chinese Science Bulletin. Using high-resolution industrial CT, the Homo Liujiang brain image was reconstructed.

The Liujiang cranium is the most complete and well-preserved late Pleistocene human fossil ever unearthed in South China. Because the endocranial cavity is filled with a hard stone matrix, earlier studies focused only on the exterior morphology of the specimen using the traditional methods. Arguments about the phyletic (of or relating to the evolutionary descent and development of a species or group of organisms) evaluation of the Liujiang hominin fossil have existed for a long time.

In this study, the authors used high-resolution industrial CT to scan the Liujiang cranium, and reconstruct the three-dimensional (3-D) brain image.

Compared with the endocasts of the hominin fossils and modern Chinese, most morphological features of the Liujiang brain are in common with modern humans, including a round brain shape, bulged and wide frontal lobes, an enlarged brain height, a full orbital margin and long parietal lobes. There are a few differences between Liujiang and the modern Chinese in our sample, including a strong posterior projection of the occipital lobes, and a reduced cerebellar lobe.

The measurement of the virtual endocast shows that the endocranial capacity of Liujiang is 1567 cc, which is in the range of Late Homo sapiens and much beyond the mean of modern humans. The brain morphology of Liujiang is assigned to Late Homo sapiens.

Text above adapted from:
http://esciencenews.com/articles/2008/07/16/reconstruction.brain.morphology.homo.liujiang.cranium.fossil.3.d.ct
Photo: Jacques Cinq-Mars at http://www.palanth.com/forum/upload_download/misc_images/liujiang_montage_couleur.pdf






U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China

Guanjun Shena, Wei Wangb, Qian Wangc, Jianxin Zhaod, Kenneth Collersond, Chunlin Zhoue and Phillip V. Tobiasf

Abstract

It has been established that modern humans were living in the Levant and Africa ca. 100ka ago. Hitherto, this has contrasted with the situation in China where no unequivocal specimens of this species have been securely dated to more than 30ka. Here we present the results of stratigraphic studies and U-series dating of the Tongtianyan Cave, the discovery site of the Liujiang hominid, which represents one of the few well-preserved fossils of modern Homo sapiens in China. The human fossils are inferred to come from either a refilling breccia or a primarily deposited gravel-bearing sandy clay layer. In the former case, which is better supported, the fossils would date to at least approximately 68ka, but more likely to approximately 111-139ka. Alternatively, they would be older than approximately 153ka. Both scenarios would make the Liujiang hominid one of the earliest modern humans in East Asia, possibly contemporaneous with the earliest known representatives from the Levant and Africa. Parallel studies on other Chinese localities have provided supporting evidence for the redating of Liujiang, which may have important implications for the origin of modern humans.

Text: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12473485

Doubt cast on ancient date for Liujiang skull

From Mathilda’s Anthropology Blog:

A uranium date of 67 000 years was reported but has been questioned on the basis of its exact location in relation to dated geological strata. In December 2002 a Chinese group headed by geologist Shen Guanjun reported their reinvestigation of the stratigraphy of the cave and dating of the skull (extending to several neighbouring caves) and claim it should be placed in a time bracket between 70 000 and 130 000 and not less than 68 000 years ago.

The skull was found in a so-called intrusive breccia a secondary flow of debris containing jumbled material of different ages. From their paper in the prestigious Journal of Human Evolution the lower date bracket of 68 000 years seems solid since it comes from multiple date estimates of the flowstone above and covering the breccia. (A flowstone forms when flowing water deposits calcite down a wall or across a floor.) Their preferred dating of 111 000–139 000 years ago based on unstratified fragments of flowstone and calcite within the breccia seems more speculative.

Text from: http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com/2008/03/16/



Chinese Roots: Skull may complicate human-origins debate

Bruce Bower

In 1958, farm workers digging in a cave in southern China's Liujiang County discovered several human bones including a skull. Relying on its resemblance to securely dated human fossils in Japan, scientists assigned this Homo sapiens skull an age of 20 000 to 30 000 years.

However, the Liujiang finds may be much older than that, according to a report in the December Journal of Human Evolution.

The fossils probably came from sediment dating to 111 000 to 139 000 years ago says a team led by geologist Guanjun Shen of Nanjing (China) Normal University. He and his coworkers add that it's still possible that the Liujiang discoveries came either from a cave deposit dating from around 68 000 years ago or from one dating to more than 153 000 years ago.

If southern China's Liujiang skull is really more than 100 000 years old this modern Homo sapiens fossil will shake up theories of human evolution.

If any of these estimates pans out, "the Liujiang [specimen] is revealed as one of the earliest modern humans in East Asia," the team concludes. The presence of modern humans in this part of the world 100 000 years ago or more would roughly coincide with their earliest fossil dates in Africa and the Middle East.

Evidence of such ancient roots for H. sapiens in China creates problems for the influential out-of-Africa theory of human evolution, Shen's group says. That theory holds that modern humanity originated in Africa between 100 000 and 200 000 years ago and then spread elsewhere, replacing other Homo species. If the Liujiang dates were confirmed, out-of-Africa adherents would need to find older African H. sapiens fossils than they now have or show that modern humans migrated extremely quickly from Africa to eastern Asia.

The new dates also suggest that other,; more-primitive-looking Chinese Homo fossils that date to 150 000 to 100 000 years ago represent a lineage that coexisted with modern humans, Shen proposes.

Scientific accounts from 1959 and 1965 of the Liujiang discoveries guided the new determination of the fossils' likely burial site. Shen's team mapped various soil deposits in the cave and calculated the age of crystallized limestone samples by using the rate of uranium decay.

Uranium analyses at other sites support an ancient origin of modern humans in southern China, Shen says. H. sapiens teeth found at two other caves in this region come from sediment that his group dates to at least 94 000 years ago.

Anthropologists with divergent views about human evolution say that the new age estimate for the Liujiang skull remains preliminary. It's still uncertain how the skull got in the cave and where it was originally buried, remarks Christopher B. Stringer of the Natural History Museum in London.
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Mempelajari evolusi otak manusia dapat menyediakan peneliti dengan wawasan jalan perkembangan bahasa dan kecerdasan. Mungkin untuk menggunakan endocast-kesan yang diambil dari bagian dalam tempurung kepala yang mempertahankan fitur permukaan otak — untuk belajar tentang struktur otak manusia purba leluhur.

Sayangnya, banyak fosil hominin yang telah ditemukan tidak lengkap atau diisi dengan matriks kalsifikasi berat, membuatnya sulit atau tidak mungkin untuk merekonstruksi endocasts tanpa merusak fosil. Tengkorak Homo Liujiang, ditemukan pada tahun 1958 di Liujiang, Guangxi, Cina, adalah paling lengkap dan terbaik diawetkan Pleistosen akhir manusia fosil ditemukan di Cina Selatan, Tapi itu diisi dengan sebuah matriks yang mencegah konvensional pemeriksaan interior.

Peneliti dari Cina Academy of Sciences di Beijing, dipimpin oleh Xiujie Wu, memeriksa endocast kranium Liujiang dalam tiga dimensi yang menggunakan resolusi tinggi industri computed tomography (CT). Meskipun CT telah digunakan untuk memeriksa fosil sejak awal 1980an, jarang telah digunakan untuk menyelidiki yang ditemukan di Cina.

Peneliti digunakan computed tomography untuk memindai dan digital memvisualisasikan hominin tengkorak. Representasi 3-D virtual tengkorak dan endocast adalah di sebelah kiri. Di sebelah kanan adalah gambar dari endocast virtual diekstrak dari berbagai sudut.

Para peneliti diproses data iris scan dengan 2-D rekonstruksi perangkat lunak dibuat di Akademi Institut tinggi energi fisika. Mereka secara manual dihapus matriks interior dari fosil dalam gambar dan mengubah scan ke dalam 3-D model. Sembilan standar pengukuran dan Landmark 11 dipilih, diukur dan dibandingkan dengan nilai yang sama dan pengukuran pada 15 tengkorak lain, termasuk fosil dari Cina, Indonesia, Eropa dan Afrika, serta kranium Cina modern.

Meskipun usia tempurung kepala Liujiang, yang telah diberi kencan lebih dari 40 000 tahun, morfologi otak yang dapat disimpulkan dari endocast yang memiliki lebih banyak kesamaan dengan tengkorak Cina modern dari fosil yang lebih primitive.

Menariknya, fosil Liujiang memiliki kapasitas kranial dari 1567 cc, baik dalam kisaran normal (1300-1750 cc) ukuran otak manusia modern.

Diadaptasi dari buletin ilmu Cina, Januari 2008, pp.2513-2519.

Teks: diadaptasi dari http://www.photonics.com/Content/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=35038

foto: http://anthropology.net/2008/07/17/a-3d-computed-tomography-scan-of-the-liujiang-cranium/


Tengkorak Liujiang adalah manusia modern

Liujiang tengkorak warna montase
penelitian baru, dipimpin oleh Wu Xiujie dari Institute paleontologi vertebrata dan Paleoantropologi (IVPP), Cina Academy of Sciences, dilaporkan dalam Volume 53, masalah 16 buletin ilmu Cina. Menggunakan resolusi tinggi industri CT, Homo Liujiang otak gambar dibangun kembali.

Tempurung kepala Liujiang adalah paling lengkap dan paling tersimpan akhir Pleistosen fosil manusia pernah digali di selatan Cina. Karena rongga endocranial penuh dengan matriks batu yang keras, studi sebelumnya berfokus hanya pada morfologi eksterior spesimen menggunakan metode tradisional. Argumen tentang Stevie (dari atau berkaitan dengan keturunan evolusi dan pengembangan spesies atau kelompok organisme) evaluasi fosil hominin Liujiang telah ada untuk waktu yang lama.

Dalam studi ini, para penulis digunakan resolusi tinggi industri CT scan tempurung kepala Liujiang, dan merekonstruksi gambar tiga dimensi otak (3-D).

Dibandingkan dengan endocasts fosil dan Tionghoa, kebanyakan morfologi fitur otak Liujiang yang sama dengan manusia modern, termasuk bentuk bulat otak, melotot dan lebar lobus frontal, tinggi diperbesar otak, margin yang penuh orbit dan panjang lobus parietal. Ada beberapa perbedaan antara Liujiang dan Cina modern dalam sampel kami, termasuk proyeksi posterior kuat lobus oksipital, dan lobus cerebellar berkurang.

Pengukuran virtual endocast menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas endocranial Liujiang cc 1567, yaitu di kisaran dari akhir Homo sapiens dan lebih jauh berarti manusia modern. Morfologi otak Liujiang ditetapkan pada akhir Homo sapiens.

Teks di atas diadaptasi dari:
http://esciencenews.com/articles/2008/07/16/Reconstruction.Brain.morphology.homo.Liujiang.cranium.Fossil.3.d.CT
foto: Jacques Cinq-Mars di http://www.palanth.com/forum/upload_download/misc_images/liujiang_montage_couleur.pdf


seri U-kencan situs hominid Liujiang di Guangxi, Cina Selatan

Guanjun Shena, Wei Wangb, Qian Wangc, Jianxin Zhaod, Kenneth Collersond, Chunlin Zhoue dan Phillip V. Tobiasf

Abstrak

telah ditetapkan bahwa manusia modern tinggal di Levant dan Afrika ca. 100ka yang lalu. Sampai saat ini telah dikontraskan dengan situasi di Cina yang mana tidak tegas spesimen dari spesies ini memiliki telah aman tanggal untuk lebih dari 30ka. Di sini kami menyajikan hasil penelitian stratigrafi dan seri U-kencan gua Tongtianyan, situs penemuan hominid Liujiang, yang merupakan salah satu fosil terawat baik beberapa modern Homo Sapiens di Cina. Fosil manusia disimpulkan untuk datang dari breccia pengisian ulang atau lapisan terutama deposit kerikil-bantalan lempung berpasir. Dalam kasus yang pertama, yang lebih baik didukung, fosil akan tanggal untuk setidaknya sekitar 68ka, tetapi lebih mungkin untuk sekitar 111-139ka. Selain itu, mereka akan lebih tua dari sekitar 153ka. Skenario kedua akan membuat Liujiang hominid manusia modern awal di Asia Timur, mungkin sezaman dengan wakil-wakil dikenal paling awal dari Levant dan Afrika. Paralel penelitian di daerah Cina lain telah memberikan bukti yang mendukung untuk redating Liujiang, yang mungkin memiliki implikasi penting untuk asal manusia modern.

Teks: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12473485

pemain keraguan pada tanggal kuno tengkorak Liujiang

dari Matilda antropologi Blog:

tanggal uranium 67 000 tahun dilaporkan tetapi telah mempertanyakan berdasarkan lokasinya yang tepat dalam hubungannya dengan tanggal strata geologi. Pada bulan Desember 2002 kelompok Cina yang dipimpin oleh ahli geologi Shen Guanjun melaporkan mereka reinvestigation stratigrafi gua dan kencan tengkorak (memperluas ke beberapa tetangga gua) dan klaim itu harus ditempatkan di braket waktu antara 70 000 130 000 dan tidak kurang dari 68 000 tahun lalu.

Tengkorak ditemukan di disebut breccia mengganggu aliran sekunder puing-puing yang mengandung campur aduk bahan dari berbagai usia. Dari kertas mereka di jurnal bergengsi evolusi manusia braket tanggal lebih rendah dari 68 000 tahun tampaknya padat karena itu berasal dari beberapa tanggal perkiraan flowstone diatas dan menutupi breccia. (Flowstone membentuk ketika air mengalir deposito kalsit turun dinding atau di lantai.) Mereka disukai kencan 111 000 000-139 tahun lalu berdasarkan fragmen unstratified flowstone dan kalsit dalam breccia tampaknya lebih spekulatif.

Teks dari: http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com/2008/03/16/


akar Cina: tengkorak dapat menyulitkan asal manusia perdebatan

Bruce Bower

pada tahun 1958, Farm pekerja menggali di sebuah gua di Cina Selatan Liujiang County menemukan beberapa tulang manusia yang termasuk sebuah tengkorak. Mengandalkan kemiripannya dengan aman tanggal fosil-fosil manusia di Jepang, para ilmuwan ditugaskan Homo sapiens tengkorak usia 20.000-30.000 tahun.

Namun, penemuan-penemuan Liujiang mungkin akan jauh lebih tua daripada itu, menurut sebuah laporan di jurnal Desember evolusi manusia.

Fosil yang mungkin datang dari sedimen dating ke 111 000 untuk 139 000 tahun lalu mengatakan tim yang dipimpin oleh ahli geologi Guanjun Shen dari Universitas Normal Nanjing (Cina). Dia dan rekan-rekan kerjanya menambahkan bahwa itu masih mungkin bahwa penemuan Liujiang yang datang baik dari deposit gua kencan dari sekitar 68 000 tahun lalu atau dari satu dating ke lebih dari 153 000 tahun lalu.

Jika benar-benar lebih dari 100 000 tahun Cina Selatan Liujiang tengkorak fosil modern Homo sapiens ini akan mengguncang teori evolusi manusia.

Jika salah satu perkiraan ini panci keluar, "Liujiang [spesimen] terungkap sebagai salah satu manusia modern tertua di Asia Timur," tim menyimpulkan. Kehadiran manusia modern di bagian dunia 100 000 tahun lalu atau lebih kasar bertepatan dengan tanggal fosil mereka awal di Afrika dan Timur Tengah.

Bukti akar kuno seperti untuk H. sapien di Cina menciptakan masalah bagi berpengaruh out-of-Africa teori evolusi manusia, kelompok Shen yang mengatakan. Bahwa teori berpendapat bahwa manusia modern yang berasal di Afrika di antara 100 000 dan 200 000 tahun yang lalu dan kemudian menyebar di tempat lain, mengganti spesies Homo lain. Jika tanggal Liujiang dikonfirmasi, out-of-Africa pengikutnya akan perlu untuk menemukan remaja Afrika H. sapiens fosil daripada mereka sekarang memiliki atau menunjukkan bahwa manusia modern bermigrasi sangat cepat dari Afrika ke Asia Timur.

Tanggal baru juga menyarankan yang lain; sedang melihat lebih primitif Homo Cina fosil yang tanggal ke 150 000-100 000 tahun lalu mewakili silsilah yang hidup berdampingan dengan manusia modern, Shen mengusulkan.

Ilmiah akun dari tahun 1959 dan tahun 1965 penemuan Liujiang dipandu penentuan baru fosil yang mungkin situs pemakaman. Shen's tim dipetakan berbagai tanah deposito di dalam gua dan dihitung usia batu kapur mengkristal sampel dengan menggunakan tingkat pereputan uranium.

Uranium analisis situs lain mendukung kuno asal manusia modern di Cina Selatan, Shen mengatakan. H. sapiens gigi ditemukan di dua gua-gua lain di kawasan ini berasal dari sedimen yang kelompoknya tanggal ke setidaknya 94 000 tahun lalu.

Antropolog dengan pandangan yang berbeda tentang evolusi manusia mengatakan bahwa perkiraan usia baru untuk tengkorak Liujiang tetap awal. Hal ini masih belum pasti bagaimana tengkorak masuk gua dan mana asalnya dikubur, pernyataan Christopher B. Stringer dari Natural History Museum di London.
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Studying the evolution of the human brain can provide researchers with insight into the developmental path of language and intelligence. It is possible to use an endocast — the impression taken from the inside of the cranium that retains the surface features of the brain — to learn about the brain structures of humanity’s ancient ancestors.

Unfortunately, many of the hominin fossils that have been discovered are incomplete or are filled with a heavy calcified matrix, making it difficult or impossible to reconstruct the endocasts without damaging the fossils. The Homo Liujiang skull, discovered in 1958 in Liujiang, Guangxi, China, is the most complete and best preserved late-Pleistocene human fossil to be found in southern China, but it is filled with a matrix that prevents conventional examination of its interior.

Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, led by Xiujie Wu, examined the endocast of the Liujiang cranium in three dimensions using high-resolution industrial computed tomography (CT). Although CT has been used to examine fossils since the early 1980s, it rarely has been used to investigate those found in China.

Researchers used computed tomography to scan and digitally visualize a hominin skull. A virtual 3-D representation of the skull and the endocast is on the left. On the right are images of the extracted virtual endocast from various angles.

The investigators processed the scanned slice data with 2-D reconstruction software created at the academy’s Institute of High Energy Physics. They manually removed the interior matrix from the fossil in the images and transformed the scans into a 3-D model. Nine standardized measurements and 11 landmarks were chosen, measured and compared with the same marks and measurements on 15 other skulls, including fossils from China, Indonesia, Europe and Africa, as well as a modern Chinese cranium.

Despite the age of the Liujiang cranium, which has been assigned a date of more than 40 000 years old, the brain morphology that can be inferred from its endocast has more in common with the modern Chinese skull than with more primitive fossils.

Interestingly, the Liujiang fossil has a cranial capacity of 1567 cc, well within the normal range (1300 to 1750 cc) of modern human brain size.

Adapted from the Chinese Science Bulletin, January 2008, pp.2513-2519.

Text: Adapted from http://www.photonics.com/Content/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=35038

Photo: http://anthropology.net/2008/07/17/a-3d-computed-tomography-scan-of-the-liujiang-cranium/




The Liujiang skull is of a modern human

Liujiang skull colour montage
New research, led by Wu Xiujie from Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, is reported in Volume 53, Issue 16 of the Chinese Science Bulletin. Using high-resolution industrial CT, the Homo Liujiang brain image was reconstructed.

The Liujiang cranium is the most complete and well-preserved late Pleistocene human fossil ever unearthed in South China. Because the endocranial cavity is filled with a hard stone matrix, earlier studies focused only on the exterior morphology of the specimen using the traditional methods. Arguments about the phyletic (of or relating to the evolutionary descent and development of a species or group of organisms) evaluation of the Liujiang hominin fossil have existed for a long time.

In this study, the authors used high-resolution industrial CT to scan the Liujiang cranium, and reconstruct the three-dimensional (3-D) brain image.

Compared with the endocasts of the hominin fossils and modern Chinese, most morphological features of the Liujiang brain are in common with modern humans, including a round brain shape, bulged and wide frontal lobes, an enlarged brain height, a full orbital margin and long parietal lobes. There are a few differences between Liujiang and the modern Chinese in our sample, including a strong posterior projection of the occipital lobes, and a reduced cerebellar lobe.

The measurement of the virtual endocast shows that the endocranial capacity of Liujiang is 1567 cc, which is in the range of Late Homo sapiens and much beyond the mean of modern humans. The brain morphology of Liujiang is assigned to Late Homo sapiens.

Text above adapted from:
http://esciencenews.com/articles/2008/07/16/reconstruction.brain.morphology.homo.liujiang.cranium.fossil.3.d.ct
Photo: Jacques Cinq-Mars at http://www.palanth.com/forum/upload_download/misc_images/liujiang_montage_couleur.pdf






U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China

Guanjun Shena, Wei Wangb, Qian Wangc, Jianxin Zhaod, Kenneth Collersond, Chunlin Zhoue and Phillip V. Tobiasf

Abstract

It has been established that modern humans were living in the Levant and Africa ca. 100ka ago. Hitherto, this has contrasted with the situation in China where no unequivocal specimens of this species have been securely dated to more than 30ka. Here we present the results of stratigraphic studies and U-series dating of the Tongtianyan Cave, the discovery site of the Liujiang hominid, which represents one of the few well-preserved fossils of modern Homo sapiens in China. The human fossils are inferred to come from either a refilling breccia or a primarily deposited gravel-bearing sandy clay layer. In the former case, which is better supported, the fossils would date to at least approximately 68ka, but more likely to approximately 111-139ka. Alternatively, they would be older than approximately 153ka. Both scenarios would make the Liujiang hominid one of the earliest modern humans in East Asia, possibly contemporaneous with the earliest known representatives from the Levant and Africa. Parallel studies on other Chinese localities have provided supporting evidence for the redating of Liujiang, which may have important implications for the origin of modern humans.

Text: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12473485

Doubt cast on ancient date for Liujiang skull

From Mathilda’s Anthropology Blog:

A uranium date of 67 000 years was reported but has been questioned on the basis of its exact location in relation to dated geological strata. In December 2002 a Chinese group headed by geologist Shen Guanjun reported their reinvestigation of the stratigraphy of the cave and dating of the skull (extending to several neighbouring caves) and claim it should be placed in a time bracket between 70 000 and 130 000 and not less than 68 000 years ago.

The skull was found in a so-called intrusive breccia a secondary flow of debris containing jumbled material of different ages. From their paper in the prestigious Journal of Human Evolution the lower date bracket of 68 000 years seems solid since it comes from multiple date estimates of the flowstone above and covering the breccia. (A flowstone forms when flowing water deposits calcite down a wall or across a floor.) Their preferred dating of 111 000–139 000 years ago based on unstratified fragments of flowstone and calcite within the breccia seems more speculative.

Text from: http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com/2008/03/16/



Chinese Roots: Skull may complicate human-origins debate

Bruce Bower

In 1958, farm workers digging in a cave in southern China's Liujiang County discovered several human bones including a skull. Relying on its resemblance to securely dated human fossils in Japan, scientists assigned this Homo sapiens skull an age of 20 000 to 30 000 years.

However, the Liujiang finds may be much older than that, according to a report in the December Journal of Human Evolution.

The fossils probably came from sediment dating to 111 000 to 139 000 years ago says a team led by geologist Guanjun Shen of Nanjing (China) Normal University. He and his coworkers add that it's still possible that the Liujiang discoveries came either from a cave deposit dating from around 68 000 years ago or from one dating to more than 153 000 years ago.

If southern China's Liujiang skull is really more than 100 000 years old this modern Homo sapiens fossil will shake up theories of human evolution.

If any of these estimates pans out, "the Liujiang [specimen] is revealed as one of the earliest modern humans in East Asia," the team concludes. The presence of modern humans in this part of the world 100 000 years ago or more would roughly coincide with their earliest fossil dates in Africa and the Middle East.

Evidence of such ancient roots for H. sapiens in China creates problems for the influential out-of-Africa theory of human evolution, Shen's group says. That theory holds that modern humanity originated in Africa between 100 000 and 200 000 years ago and then spread elsewhere, replacing other Homo species. If the Liujiang dates were confirmed, out-of-Africa adherents would need to find older African H. sapiens fossils than they now have or show that modern humans migrated extremely quickly from Africa to eastern Asia.

The new dates also suggest that other,; more-primitive-looking Chinese Homo fossils that date to 150 000 to 100 000 years ago represent a lineage that coexisted with modern humans, Shen proposes.

Scientific accounts from 1959 and 1965 of the Liujiang discoveries guided the new determination of the fossils' likely burial site. Shen's team mapped various soil deposits in the cave and calculated the age of crystallized limestone samples by using the rate of uranium decay.

Uranium analyses at other sites support an ancient origin of modern humans in southern China, Shen says. H. sapiens teeth found at two other caves in this region come from sediment that his group dates to at least 94 000 years ago.

Anthropologists with divergent views about human evolution say that the new age estimate for the Liujiang skull remains preliminary. It's still uncertain how the skull got in the cave and where it was originally buried, remarks Christopher B. Stringer of the Natural History Museum in London.
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