2.1. Data envelopment analysisConsistent with DEA terminology, the ter terjemahan - 2.1. Data envelopment analysisConsistent with DEA terminology, the ter Melayu Bagaimana mengatakan

2.1. Data envelopment analysisConsi

2.1. Data envelopment analysis
Consistent with DEA terminology, the term “decision-making
unit” (DMU) refers to the individuals in the evaluation group. The
DEA generates a surface called the “frontier” that follows the peak
performers and envelops the remainder [25]. Fig. 2 illustrates the
concepts of the empirical and theoretical production frontiers in a
two-dimensional surface to generalize the case of a multidimensional
surface. The theoretical frontier represents the absolute maximum possible production that a DMU can achieve in any level
of input. However, the theoretical relationships between input and
output parameters of a system are generally difficult to identify and
to express mathematically. For this reason, the theoretical frontier
is usually unknown. Therefore, the relative or empirical frontier
based on real DMU is used. The empirical frontier connects all the
relatively best DMUs in the observed population. If the performance
of all observed DMUs is generally poor, then the empirical
frontier gives only the best of a bad lot. The theoretical frontier
would clearly indicate that the poor DMUs were indeed poor [26].
By providing the observed efficiencies of individual DMUs, DEA
may help to identify possible benchmarks toward which performance
can be targeted. The ability of DEA to identify possible peers or
role models as well as simple efficiency scores gives it an edge over
other measures. The objective of DEA is to obtain the weights that
maximize the efficiency of the DMU under evaluation. It is very
important to know that the efficiency values produced by DEA are
only valid within that particular group of peers. A DMU that is effi-
cient in one group may be inefficient when compared with another
group. In other words, if a group of very poor DMUs was evaluated
using DEA, there will still be efficient DMUs. In addition, if the set of
DMUs is small, then there is little discrimination between them
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2.1. Data envelopment analysisConsistent with DEA terminology, the term “decision-makingunit” (DMU) refers to the individuals in the evaluation group. TheDEA generates a surface called the “frontier” that follows the peakperformers and envelops the remainder [25]. Fig. 2 illustrates theconcepts of the empirical and theoretical production frontiers in atwo-dimensional surface to generalize the case of a multidimensionalsurface. The theoretical frontier represents the absolute maximum possible production that a DMU can achieve in any levelof input. However, the theoretical relationships between input andoutput parameters of a system are generally difficult to identify andto express mathematically. For this reason, the theoretical frontieris usually unknown. Therefore, the relative or empirical frontierbased on real DMU is used. The empirical frontier connects all therelatively best DMUs in the observed population. If the performanceof all observed DMUs is generally poor, then the empiricalfrontier gives only the best of a bad lot. The theoretical frontierwould clearly indicate that the poor DMUs were indeed poor [26].By providing the observed efficiencies of individual DMUs, DEAmay help to identify possible benchmarks toward which performancecan be targeted. The ability of DEA to identify possible peers orrole models as well as simple efficiency scores gives it an edge overother measures. The objective of DEA is to obtain the weights thatmaximize the efficiency of the DMU under evaluation. It is veryimportant to know that the efficiency values produced by DEA areonly valid within that particular group of peers. A DMU that is effi-cient in one group may be inefficient when compared with anothergroup. In other words, if a group of very poor DMUs was evaluatedusing DEA, there will still be efficient DMUs. In addition, if the set ofDMUs is small, then there is little discrimination between them
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2.1. Data analisis meyelubungi
Selaras dengan DEA istilah, istilah "membuat keputusan
unit" (DMU) merujuk kepada individu-individu dalam kumpulan penilaian. The
DEA menjana permukaan yang dipanggil "sempadan" yang berikut puncak
penghibur dan menyelubungi bakinya [25]. Rajah. 2 menggambarkan
konsep sempadan pengeluaran empirik dan teori dalam
permukaan dua dimensi untuk umum kes multidimensi
permukaan. Sempadan teori mewakili pengeluaran mungkin maksimum mutlak bahawa DMU boleh mencapai dalam mana-mana peringkat
input. Walau bagaimanapun, hubungan teori antara input dan
output parameter sistem yang lebih susah untuk mengenal pasti dan
untuk menyatakan secara matematik. Atas sebab ini, sempadan teori
biasanya tidak diketahui. Oleh itu, sempadan saudara atau empirikal
berdasarkan DMU sebenar digunakan. Sempadan empirikal menghubungkan semua
UPK agak terbaik dalam populasi yang diperhatikan. Jika prestasi
semua UPK diperhatikan umumnya miskin, maka empirikal
sempadan memberikan hanya yang terbaik daripada banyak yang tidak baik. Sempadan teori
jelas menunjukkan bahawa UPK miskin sememangnya miskin [26].
Dengan menyediakan kecekapan diperhatikan UPK individu, DEA
boleh membantu untuk mengenal pasti penanda aras mungkin ke arah mana prestasi
boleh disasarkan. Keupayaan DEA untuk mengenal pasti rakan-rakan yang mungkin atau
model peranan serta skor kecekapan mudah memberikan ia kelebihan berbanding
langkah-langkah lain. Objektif DEA adalah untuk mendapatkan berat yang
memaksimumkan kecekapan DMU bawah penilaian. Ia adalah sangat
penting untuk mengetahui bahawa nilai kecekapan yang dihasilkan oleh DEA adalah
hanya sah dalam kumpulan tertentu rakan-rakan. A DMU yang effi-
mencukupi dalam satu kumpulan mungkin tidak cekap berbanding dengan satu lagi
kumpulan. Dalam erti kata lain, jika sekumpulan UPK sangat miskin telah dinilai
menggunakan DEA, akan masih UPK cekap. Di samping itu, jika set
UPK adalah kecil, maka terdapat diskriminasi sedikit di antara mereka
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