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Is morality, then, an objective or

Is morality, then, an objective or a subjective matter? The first thing that needs to be sorted out is what exactly this question means. Moral propositions such as ‘Stealing is wrong’ or ‘Kindness is good’ are certainly not scientifically demonstrable, so if anyone takes ‘objective truth’ to be co-extensive with what can be empirically demonstrated in the manner of the physical sciences, then there are no objective moral truths. But then there is no good reason to imagine that moral claims would or should be comparable to scientific claims, and no plausible reason for equating objectivity with what can be scientifically demonstrated. (There can obviously be claims about morality, such as that ‘Many people believe that kindness is good’, that are more or less objective in this restricted sense, but a claim about some aspect of morality such as this is not itself a moral claim.) Even if we equate ‘objectivity’ more broadly with ‘demonstrable in some conclusive manner’, we should concede that morality is not objective. Despite thousands of years of moral philosophy, we cannot claim that moral propositions are as conclusively established as, say, certain mathematical propositions. But why should this concern us? Moral propositions are not mathematical propositions any more than they are scientific ones. They are not going to be established in the same way or, very likely, to the same degree. Nor, while we are on the subject, are they going to be supported in the same way as psychological or sociological or historical claims. All of these fundamental disciplines work in different ways, which is why we recognize them as distinct and fundamental, and to equate objectivity with only the kind or degree of proof that we associate with any one of these particular disciplines would be absurd.
In the case of morality the question is whether there is enough dispassionate reasoning in support of certain truth claims to allow us to conclude that it would be unreasonable to deny them. In that sense, as I shall attempt to establish in Part II below, morality may be said to be objective; it is objective or the claims may be said to be objectively established in contradistinction to the view that it is subjective in the sense that it is ultimately a matter of varying taste or presumption. That is the sense that most people have in mind when they worry about the objective nature of morality: is a moral claim such as ‘You ought to keep promises’ objective in the sense of rationally defensible, or subjective in the sense of a matter of individual predilection?
But while I argue that morality is objective in this sense, I do not argue, and I do not think that we need to argue, that it is God-given in any sense, ranging from literally designed by God to the colloquial ‘given in the nature of things’ or there to be apprehended by us whether we do so or fail to do so. There is a tendency for people to think that if something is true it must in some way correspond to some actuality that is independent of human perception in any way. I confess to being unclear exactly what such a claim would mean; nonetheless, many people seem to feel a need to divide the world into truths that are given in nature and that would be true even if humans did not exist, such as that there are continents and seas, and ‘truths’ that, in so far as they are true at all, merely establish human preferences and hence would not exist if there were no humans.
All this seems to me very confused. It is true of course that if there were no humans there would be no morality. Just as if there were no humans there would be no human procreation, no relationships, no friendship, no enmity, and no purpose-built dwellings. Does this mean that procreation, friendship, and houses are not real? Of course not.
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Is morality, then, an objective or a subjective matter? The first thing that needs to be sorted out is what exactly this question means. Moral propositions such as ‘Stealing is wrong’ or ‘Kindness is good’ are certainly not scientifically demonstrable, so if anyone takes ‘objective truth’ to be co-extensive with what can be empirically demonstrated in the manner of the physical sciences, then there are no objective moral truths. But then there is no good reason to imagine that moral claims would or should be comparable to scientific claims, and no plausible reason for equating objectivity with what can be scientifically demonstrated. (There can obviously be claims about morality, such as that ‘Many people believe that kindness is good’, that are more or less objective in this restricted sense, but a claim about some aspect of morality such as this is not itself a moral claim.) Even if we equate ‘objectivity’ more broadly with ‘demonstrable in some conclusive manner’, we should concede that morality is not objective. Despite thousands of years of moral philosophy, we cannot claim that moral propositions are as conclusively established as, say, certain mathematical propositions. But why should this concern us? Moral propositions are not mathematical propositions any more than they are scientific ones. They are not going to be established in the same way or, very likely, to the same degree. Nor, while we are on the subject, are they going to be supported in the same way as psychological or sociological or historical claims. All of these fundamental disciplines work in different ways, which is why we recognize them as distinct and fundamental, and to equate objectivity with only the kind or degree of proof that we associate with any one of these particular disciplines would be absurd.In the case of morality the question is whether there is enough dispassionate reasoning in support of certain truth claims to allow us to conclude that it would be unreasonable to deny them. In that sense, as I shall attempt to establish in Part II below, morality may be said to be objective; it is objective or the claims may be said to be objectively established in contradistinction to the view that it is subjective in the sense that it is ultimately a matter of varying taste or presumption. That is the sense that most people have in mind when they worry about the objective nature of morality: is a moral claim such as ‘You ought to keep promises’ objective in the sense of rationally defensible, or subjective in the sense of a matter of individual predilection?But while I argue that morality is objective in this sense, I do not argue, and I do not think that we need to argue, that it is God-given in any sense, ranging from literally designed by God to the colloquial ‘given in the nature of things’ or there to be apprehended by us whether we do so or fail to do so. There is a tendency for people to think that if something is true it must in some way correspond to some actuality that is independent of human perception in any way. I confess to being unclear exactly what such a claim would mean; nonetheless, many people seem to feel a need to divide the world into truths that are given in nature and that would be true even if humans did not exist, such as that there are continents and seas, and ‘truths’ that, in so far as they are true at all, merely establish human preferences and hence would not exist if there were no humans.All this seems to me very confused. It is true of course that if there were no humans there would be no morality. Just as if there were no humans there would be no human procreation, no relationships, no friendship, no enmity, and no purpose-built dwellings. Does this mean that procreation, friendship, and houses are not real? Of course not.
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Apakah moralitas, maka, tujuan atau masalah subjektif? Hal pertama yang perlu diselesaikan adalah apa yang berarti persis pertanyaan ini. Proposisi moral seperti 'Mencuri salah' atau 'Kebaikan adalah baik' tentu tidak ilmiah dibuktikan, jadi jika ada mengambil 'kebenaran obyektif' untuk menjadi co-luas dengan apa yang bisa secara empiris ditunjukkan dalam cara ilmu fisika, maka ada ada kebenaran moral yang objektif. Tapi kemudian tidak ada alasan yang baik untuk membayangkan bahwa klaim moral yang akan atau harus sebanding dengan klaim ilmiah, dan tidak ada alasan yang masuk akal untuk menyamakan objektivitas dengan apa yang bisa secara ilmiah. (Ada jelas bisa klaim tentang moralitas, seperti itulah Banyak orang percaya bahwa kebaikan yang baik ', yang lebih atau kurang obyektif dalam arti terbatas ini, namun klaim tentang beberapa aspek moralitas seperti ini tidak sendiri merupakan klaim moral .) Bahkan jika kita menyamakan 'objektivitas' lebih luas dengan 'dibuktikan dalam beberapa cara meyakinkan', kita harus mengakui bahwa moralitas tidak objektif. Meskipun ribuan tahun filsafat moral, kita tidak bisa mengklaim bahwa proposisi moral sebagai meyakinkan ditetapkan sebagai, katakanlah, proposisi matematika tertentu. Tapi mengapa harus keprihatinan ini kita? Proposisi moral yang tidak proposisi matematika lebih daripada mereka yang ilmiah. Mereka tidak akan didirikan dengan cara yang sama atau, sangat mungkin, ke tingkat yang sama. Juga, sementara kita berada di subjek, mereka akan didukung dengan cara yang sama seperti klaim psikologis atau sosiologis atau sejarah. Semua ini disiplin dasar bekerja dengan cara yang berbeda, itulah sebabnya mengapa kita mengenali mereka sebagai berbeda dan fundamental, dan menyamakan objektivitas dengan hanya jenis atau tingkat bukti bahwa kita kaitkan dengan salah satu dari ini disiplin tertentu akan masuk akal.
Dalam hal moralitas pertanyaannya adalah apakah ada alasan memihak cukup untuk mendukung klaim kebenaran tertentu untuk memungkinkan kita untuk menyimpulkan bahwa itu akan masuk akal untuk menolak mereka. Dalam hal ini, karena saya akan mencoba untuk membangun di Bagian II di bawah ini, moralitas dapat dikatakan objektif; itu adalah tujuan atau klaim dapat dikatakan secara obyektif didirikan pada bertentangan dengan pandangan bahwa itu adalah subjektif dalam arti bahwa pada akhirnya masalah dari berbagai rasa atau praduga. Itulah arti bahwa kebanyakan orang yang ada dalam pikiran ketika mereka khawatir tentang sifat obyektif moralitas: adalah klaim moral seperti "Anda harus menepati janji 'obyektif dalam arti rasional dipertahankan, atau subjektif dalam arti soal predileksi individu?
Tapi sementara saya berpendapat bahwa moralitas obyektif dalam pengertian ini, saya tidak membantah, dan saya tidak berpikir bahwa kita perlu untuk berdebat, bahwa itu adalah pemberian Tuhan dalam arti apapun, mulai dari harfiah dirancang oleh Allah untuk sehari-hari 'diberikan dalam sifat hal' atau ada yang akan ditangkap oleh kita apakah kita melakukannya atau gagal untuk melakukannya. Ada kecenderungan bagi orang untuk berpikir bahwa jika ada sesuatu yang benar itu harus dalam beberapa cara sesuai dengan beberapa aktualitas yang independen dari persepsi manusia dengan cara apapun. Saya mengaku menjadi jelas apa klaim seperti itu berarti; Meskipun demikian, banyak orang tampaknya merasa perlu untuk membagi dunia menjadi kebenaran yang diberikan di alam dan itu akan menjadi kenyataan bahkan jika manusia tidak ada, seperti yang ada benua dan lautan, dan 'kebenaran' yang, sejauh karena mereka benar sama sekali, hanya menetapkan preferensi manusia dan karenanya tidak akan ada jika tidak ada manusia.
Semua ini menurut saya sangat bingung. Memang benar tentu saja jika tidak ada manusia tidak akan ada moralitas. Sama seperti jika tidak ada manusia tidak akan ada prokreasi manusia, tidak ada hubungan, tidak ada persahabatan, tidak ada permusuhan, dan tidak ada tujuan-dibangun tempat tinggal. Apakah ini berarti bahwa prokreasi, persahabatan, dan rumah-rumah yang tidak nyata? Tentu saja tidak.
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