According to the American Marketing Association (AMA), a brand is a “n terjemahan - According to the American Marketing Association (AMA), a brand is a “n Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

According to the American Marketing

According to the American Marketing Association (AMA), a brand is a “name, term, sign,
symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of
one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competition.” Technically
speaking, then, whenever a marketer creates a new name, logo, or symbol for a new product, he
or she has created a brand

Thus, the key to creating a brand, according to the AMA definition, is to be able to choose a
name, logo, symbol, package design, or other characteristic that identifies a product and distinguishes
it from others. These different components of a brand that identify and differentiate it
are brand elements.

We can define five levels of meaning for a product:4
1. The core benefit level is the fundamental need or want that consumers satisfy by consuming
the product or service.
2. The generic product level is a basic version of the product containing only those attributes
or characteristics absolutely necessary for its functioning but with no distinguishing features.
This is basically a stripped-down, no-frills version of the product that adequately performs
the product function.
3. The expected product level is a set of attributes or characteristics that buyers normally
expect and agree to when they purchase a product.
4. The augmented product level includes additional product attributes, benefits, or related services
that distinguish the product from competitors.
5. The potential product level includes all the augmentations and transformations that a product
might ultimately undergo in the future.

WHY DO BRANDS MATTER?
CONSUMERS :
For search goods like grocery produce, consumers can evaluate product attributes like sturdiness,
size, color, style, design, weight, and ingredient composition by visual inspection.
• For experience goods like automobile tires, consumers cannot assess product attributes like
durability, service quality, safety, and ease of handling or use so easily by inspection, and
actual product trial and experience is necessary.
• For credence goods like insurance coverage, consumers may rarely learn product attributes.
Functional risk: The product does not perform up to expectations.
• Physical risk: The product poses a threat to the physical well-being or health of the user or
others.
• Financial risk: The product is not worth the price paid.
• Social risk: The product results in embarrassment from others.
• Psychological risk: The product affects the mental well-being of the user.
• Time risk: The failure of the product results in an opportunity cost of finding another satisfactory
product.

FIRMS :
Brands also provide a number of valuable functions to their firms.14 Fundamentally, they serve
an identification purpose, to simplify product handling or tracing. Operationally, brands help organize
inventory and accounting records. A brand also offers the firm legal protection for unique
features or aspects of the product. A brand can retain intellectual property rights, giving legal
title to the brand owner.15 The brand name can be protected through registered trademarks; manufacturing
processes can be protected through patents; and packaging can be protected through
copyrights and designs. These intellectual property rights ensure that the firm can safely invest
in the brand and reap the benefits of a valuable asset.


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According to the American Marketing Association (AMA), a brand is a “name, term, sign,symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services ofone seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competition.” Technicallyspeaking, then, whenever a marketer creates a new name, logo, or symbol for a new product, heor she has created a brandThus, the key to creating a brand, according to the AMA definition, is to be able to choose aname, logo, symbol, package design, or other characteristic that identifies a product and distinguishesit from others. These different components of a brand that identify and differentiate itare brand elements.We can define five levels of meaning for a product:4 1. The core benefit level is the fundamental need or want that consumers satisfy by consumingthe product or service. 2. The generic product level is a basic version of the product containing only those attributesor characteristics absolutely necessary for its functioning but with no distinguishing features.This is basically a stripped-down, no-frills version of the product that adequately performsthe product function. 3. The expected product level is a set of attributes or characteristics that buyers normallyexpect and agree to when they purchase a product. 4. The augmented product level includes additional product attributes, benefits, or related servicesthat distinguish the product from competitors. 5. The potential product level includes all the augmentations and transformations that a productmight ultimately undergo in the future.WHY DO BRANDS MATTER?CONSUMERS : For search goods like grocery produce, consumers can evaluate product attributes like sturdiness,size, color, style, design, weight, and ingredient composition by visual inspection.• For experience goods like automobile tires, consumers cannot assess product attributes likedurability, service quality, safety, and ease of handling or use so easily by inspection, andactual product trial and experience is necessary.• For credence goods like insurance coverage, consumers may rarely learn product attributes. Functional risk: The product does not perform up to expectations.• Physical risk: The product poses a threat to the physical well-being or health of the user orothers.• Financial risk: The product is not worth the price paid.• Social risk: The product results in embarrassment from others.• Psychological risk: The product affects the mental well-being of the user.• Time risk: The failure of the product results in an opportunity cost of finding another satisfactoryproduct.FIRMS :Brands also provide a number of valuable functions to their firms.14 Fundamentally, they servean identification purpose, to simplify product handling or tracing. Operationally, brands help organizeinventory and accounting records. A brand also offers the firm legal protection for uniquefeatures or aspects of the product. A brand can retain intellectual property rights, giving legaltitle to the brand owner.15 The brand name can be protected through registered trademarks; manufacturingprocesses can be protected through patents; and packaging can be protected throughcopyrights and designs. These intellectual property rights ensure that the firm can safely investin the brand and reap the benefits of a valuable asset.
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Menurut American Marketing Association (AMA), merek adalah "nama, istilah, tanda,
simbol, atau desain, atau kombinasi dari mereka, dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi barang dan jasa dari
satu penjual atau kelompok penjual dan untuk membedakan mereka dari orang-orang dari kompetisi. "Secara teknis
berbicara, maka, setiap kali pemasar menciptakan baru nama, logo, atau simbol untuk produk baru, dia
atau dia telah menciptakan merek demikian, kunci untuk menciptakan merek, menurut definisi AMA, adalah untuk dapat memilih nama, logo, simbol, desain kemasan, atau karakteristik lainnya yang mengidentifikasi produk dan membedakannya dari orang lain. Komponen-komponen yang berbeda dari merek yang mengidentifikasi dan membedakan itu . unsur-unsur merek Kita dapat mendefinisikan lima tingkatan makna untuk produk: 4 1. Tingkat manfaat inti adalah kebutuhan mendasar atau ingin bahwa konsumen memuaskan dengan mengkonsumsi produk atau jasa. 2. Tingkat produk generik adalah versi dasar dari produk yang hanya berisi atribut-atribut atau karakteristik mutlak diperlukan untuk fungsi tetapi tanpa fitur yang membedakan. Ini pada dasarnya adalah dilucuti-down, tanpa embel-embel versi produk yang memadai melakukan fungsi produk. 3. Level produk yang diharapkan adalah seperangkat atribut atau karakteristik yang biasanya pembeli harapkan dan setuju untuk ketika mereka membeli produk. 4. Tingkat produk ditambah termasuk atribut tambahan produk, manfaat, atau jasa terkait yang membedakan produk dari pesaing. 5. Level produk potensial mencakup semua augmentations dan transformasi bahwa produk mungkin akhirnya menjalani di masa depan. MENGAPA DO MERK MASALAH? KONSUMEN: Untuk barang pencari seperti kelontong menghasilkan, konsumen dapat mengevaluasi atribut produk seperti kokoh, ukuran, warna, gaya, desain, berat badan, dan bahan komposisi dengan inspeksi visual. • Untuk barang pengalaman seperti ban mobil, konsumen tidak dapat menilai atribut produk seperti daya tahan, kualitas layanan, keamanan, dan kemudahan penanganan atau menggunakan begitu mudah dengan inspeksi, dan uji coba produk yang sebenarnya dan pengalaman yang diperlukan. • Untuk barang kepercayaan seperti asuransi, konsumen mungkin jarang belajar atribut produk. risiko Fungsional: Produk tidak melakukan sampai dengan harapan. • risiko Fisik: Produk menimbulkan ancaman bagi kesejahteraan fisik atau kesehatan pengguna atau orang lain. • Risiko Keuangan: Produk ini tidak layak harga yang dibayar. • Risiko Sosial:. Hasil produk malu dari orang lain • Risiko Psikologis: Produk mempengaruhi mental kesejahteraan pengguna. • Risiko Waktu: Kegagalan produk Hasil dalam biaya kesempatan untuk menemukan memuaskan lain produk. PERUSAHAAN: Merek juga menyediakan sejumlah fungsi berharga untuk firms.14 mereka dasarnya, mereka melayani tujuan yang identifikasi, untuk menyederhanakan penanganan produk atau penelusuran. Secara operasional, merek membantu mengatur persediaan dan akuntansi catatan. Sebuah merek juga menawarkan perlindungan hukum yang kuat untuk unik fitur atau aspek produk. Sebuah merek dapat mempertahankan hak kekayaan intelektual, memberikan hukum judul untuk merek owner.15 Nama merek dapat dilindungi melalui merek dagang terdaftar; manufaktur proses dapat dilindungi melalui paten; dan kemasan dapat dilindungi melalui hak cipta dan desain. Hak kekayaan intelektual ini memastikan bahwa perusahaan dapat dengan aman berinvestasi di merek dan menuai keuntungan dari aset berharga.
















































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