iInternational Journal of Organic A

i
International Journal of
Organic Agriculture Research & Development
ISBN: 978-083-270-8 VOLUME 1 NUMBER 1 (2010)
ii
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Editor-in-Chief:
Dr. T.I. Olabiyi (Nigeria)
Editorial Address:
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ladoke
Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
E-mail:
[e-mail]
Founder:
Dr. T.I. Olabiyi
Founded:
1 December 2007
Website:
http:/www.organicjournal.org
Affiliation:
International Journal of Organic Agriculture Research & Development is an
official organ of the Nigerian Organic Agriculture Network
Deputy Editor-in-Chief:
Dr. Michelina Ruocco (Italy)
Technical Editor:
Mr. Dave Dawson (UK)
Editorial Board Members:
Prof. Philip J.C. Harris (UK); Dr. Anton Rosenfeld (UK); Dr.
Julia Wright (UK); Dr. David Pearson (Australia); Prof. Maurizio Canavari (Italy); Prof.
Balestra Giorgio (Italy); Dr. Henrik Egelyng (Denmark); Dr. Bill Sciarappa (USA); Renee
Ciulla (USA); Dr. M.A. Wahab Mahmoud (Egypt); Prof. J.O. Babatola (Nigeria); Prof. G.
Adeoye (Nigeria); Prof. A.B. Ogunwale (Nigeria); Prof. J.I. Olaifa (Nigeria); Prof. A.A.
Odunsi (Nigeria); Dr. F. Vinale (Italy); Dr. S. Lanzuise (Italy); Dr. S. Woo (Italy); Dr. R.
Maria (Italy); Prof. V.I.O. Olowe (Nigeria); Dr. E.E. A. Oyedunmade (Nigeria); Dr. J.J.
Atungwu (Nigeria); Dr. Oluwagbenga Ade-Oluwa (Nigeria); Dr. B. E. Sambo (Nigeria); Dr.
W.B. Akanbi (Nigeria); Dr. J.O. Olaniyi (Nigeria); Dr. J.A. Akinlade (Nigeria); Dr. I.A.
Emiola (Nigeria); Dr. Martina. R. Polepole (Tanzania); Dr. Merius E. Nzalawahe (Tanzania);
Dr. Hatem Chehidi (Tunisia); Dr. Petra Bakewell-Stone (Tanzania); Dr. Ferhunde Altindishi
(Turkey); Dr. Maria L. Dindo (Italy); Dr. Sadreddine Beji (Tunisia); Dr. Castillo Pablo
(Spain); Mumshimbwe Chitalu (Zambia); Dr E. C. Odion (Nigeria); Prof. M.C. Ofoh
(Nigeria); Prof. M. Lorito (Italy); Dr. Liz Trenchard (UK); Dr. James Bennet (UK); Prof. Ralp
Noble (UK); Dr. M. Al-Oun (Jordan).
SCOPE OF THE JOURNAL:
IJOARD covers the following study areas: Organic
apiculture; Organic crop production; Agricultural economics, rural development and organic
agriculture; Organic agriculture & animal production; Organic food security; Organic food
quality, preservation, production, processing, conditioning and packaging; Education and
Organic agriculture; Organic aquaculture; Soil Science and Organic Agriculture; Soil fertility
building; Soil Health and Care
;
Soil management and Conservation; Pedology and Organic
Agriculture; Crop protection and Organic agriculture; Organic markets; Organic agriculture
and tourism; Organic agriculture, biodiversity and nature conservation; weed science and
organic agriculture; Women in organic agriculture; Organic seed production; Bio fuel
production in organic agriculture; Organic horticulture; Potentials of climate change and
organic agriculture; Organic cosmetics, body care and ecological detergent production;
Government and public support policies, and organic regulations; Convention process in
organic agriculture; Manure and compost production, application and technology; Organic
agriculture, human health and safety.
Editorial correspondence, books for review, news, e.t.c. should be sent to the Editor-in-
Chief.
Subscription should be sent to Editor-in-Chief
Publisher:
OLA Publisher, Idi Oro, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
(C) 2010 IJOARD
International Journal of Organic Agriculture Research and Development
Vol. 1 No 1 (2010) pp. 1-23
1
THE SCOPE FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION
OF THE GRAZING LIVESTOCK SECTOR
OF XINJIANG BASED ON ORGANIC
FARMING METHODS
CHAI Jun
a
, Bill SLEE
b
, Maurizio CANAVARI
c
,
CHEN Tong
a
, and HULIYETI Hasimu
a, c
a
Department of Agricultural Economics and
Management, Xinjiang Agricultural University,
Number 42 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang,
China, 830052
b
The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, United
Kingdom
c
Alma Mater Studiourum-University of Bologna,
Bologna, Italy
ABSTRACT
This paper explores the feasibility of developing organic livestock
farming in the pastoral
area of Xinjiang, in order to address the problems of grassland
degradation and to promote the sustainable development of the grazing
livestock sector. Research shows that organic grazing farming may
reduce the stocking rate of grassland and relieve the strained relationship
between animal and grassland, as well between man and nature. As a
result, the value of multifunctional grazing systems may be more widely
recognized. As well as including production and economic objectives,
cultural, social and environmental implications will also be taken into
account. Additionally, herders may also have an improved source of
income to poor rural people. The potential markets for organic products
are very big and the traditional ruminant livestock husbandry systems in
Xinjiang are very close to organic livestock farming. It is considered
International Journal of Organic Agriculture Research and Development
Vol. 1 No 1 (2010) pp. 1-23
2
necessary to change from a production-oriented approach to farming
system research to a wider consideration of the systems and policies
needed to support the development of organic grazing livestock
alongside consideration of how to fund the relevant research and training
and establish the systems of quality guarantee associated with organic
production.
Keywords:
Livestock, pastoral, organic farming, grassland, Xinjiang,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the support of the BEAN-QUORUM project
(Building a Euro-Asian Network for Quality, Organic, and Unique food
Marketing, TH/Asia-link/006), co-ordinated by Maurizio Canavari. We
would like to express our deepest thanks to Grant Davidson (of the
Macaulay Institute) for offering so many valuable suggestions and also
to the library staff in the Macaulay Institute. Owing to their high
professional ability we were able to get very useful material from so
many different libraries.
The co-authors would like to give due recognition to the contribution
of Associate Professor Chai Jun of the Xinjiang Agricultural
University who was the principal author of this paper. Chai Jun
died at a tragically early age in the summer of 2010 before
publication of this paper. He had a constantly inquisitive mind and
was earnest and assiduous in his studies. He was also great fun to be
with and work with. We miss him greatly.
Corresponding author:
[e-mail]
International Journal of Organic Agriculture Research and Development
Vol. 1 No 1 (2010) pp. 1-23
3
INTRODUCTION
Xinjiang, at 1.66 million km
2
, is China’s largest autonomous region. Its
dominant geographic features are three large mountain ranges - the
Kunlun Shan in the south, Tien Shan in the centre, and Altay Shan in the
north - and two large desert basins - the Tarim in the south and the
Junggar in the north. Xinjiang is an arid area. Average annual
precipitation ranges from under 10mm at the centre of the deserts to over
500mm in some mountain areas. Rainfall of less than 250mm per annum
is typical at the edges of the basins, where human population and
agricultural areas are concentrated. The Junggar basin is in the north,
which stretches to the southern flanks of Altay Prefecture in Xinjiang.
Average temperatures are approximately 23 °C in July and -15.6 °C in
January. In the mountain areas, the frost-free period is approximately 90
days.
Xinjiang is one of the major pastoral regions in China. The total
grassland area amounts to some 56 million hectares, of which 47 million
hectares are useable. Pastures are classified in terms of their seasonal
use, as winter, spring-autumn or summer pastures. Winter pastures are
located at low altitudes, usually along rivers or in the desert basins.
Spring-autumn pastures are located on the plains between the arable land
area and the hills and in the lower hills. Nearly half of all the grassland is
high altitude summer pasture. Pastoralism has historically been an
integral part of the lives of the Kazak, Mongol, and Kirghiz ethnic
groups. At present, more than 80 percent of the pastoralists are semi-
sedentary and practice a vertical migration system. Different pastures, as
far as 150 km or more apart, are used on a seasonal basis.
In the past 50 years, the number of livestock has been increased
rapidly and there are more and more people living in pastoral farming
areas. However, the sustainable development of grazing livestock has
been compromised by grassland degradation caused largely by
overstocking and the difficulties faced by farmers seeking a reasonable
livelihood.
The problems faced by grazing livestock pastoralists of Xinjiang
exist not only in Xinjiang are also found in many other regions of the
world. In near eastern countries, small ruminants play an important role
in rural livelihoods (Bahhady, 1986; Nygaard and Amir, 1987). During
recent decades, the sustainability of these systems has been compromised
(Steinfeld et al., 1998). The main reason is the feed shortage caused

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

i
International Journal of
Organic Agriculture Research & Development
ISBN: 978-083-270-8 VOLUME 1 NOMOR 1 (2010)
ii
INTERNATIONAL JURNAL PERTANIAN ORGANIK
PENELITIAN & PENGEMBANGAN
Editor-in-Chief:
Dr. TI Olabiyi (Nigeria)
Alamat Redaksi:
Departemen Agronomi, Fakultas Ilmu Pertanian, Ladoke
Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
E-mail:
[e-mail]
Pendiri:
Dr. TI Olabiyi
Didirikan:
1 Desember 2007
Website:
http: /www.organicjournal.org
Afiliasi:
International Journal of Organic Agriculture Research & Development merupakan
organ resmi dari Jaringan Pertanian Organik Nigeria
Wakil Editor-in-Chief:
Dr. Michelina Ruocco (Italia)
Editor Teknis:
Mr. Dave Dawson (UK)
Anggota Dewan Redaksi:
Prof. Philip JC Harris (Inggris); Dr Anton Rosenfeld (Inggris); Dr
Julia Wright (Inggris); Dr David Pearson (Australia); Prof. Maurizio Canavari (Italia); Prof.
Balestra Giorgio (Italia); Dr Henrik Egelyng (Denmark); Dr Bill Sciarappa (USA); Renee
Ciulla (USA); Dr MA Wahab Mahmoud (Mesir); Prof. JO Babatola (Nigeria); Prof G.
Adeoye (Nigeria); Prof. AB Ogunwale (Nigeria); Prof. JI Olaifa (Nigeria); Prof. AA
Odunsi (Nigeria); Dr. F. Vinale (Italia); Dr S. Lanzuise (Italia); Dr S. Woo (Italia); Dr. R.
Maria (Italia); Prof. VIO Olowe (Nigeria); Dr. EEA Oyedunmade (Nigeria); Dr JJ
Atungwu (Nigeria); Dr. Oluwagbenga Ade-OLUWA (Nigeria); Dr. BE Sambo (Nigeria); Dr.
WB AKANBI (Nigeria); Dr. JO Olaniyi (Nigeria); Dr JA Akinlade (Nigeria); Dr. IA
Emiola (Nigeria); Dr Martina. R. Polepole (Tanzania); Dr. Merius E. Nzalawahe (Tanzania);
Dr. Hatem Chehidi (Tunisia); Dr Petra Bakewell-Batu (Tanzania); Dr. Ferhunde Altindishi
(Turki); Dr Maria L. Dindo (Italia); Dr. Sadreddine Beji (Tunisia); Dr Castillo Pablo
(Spanyol); Mumshimbwe Chitalu (Zambia); Dr EC Odion (Nigeria); Prof. MC Ofoh
(Nigeria); Prof. M. Lorito (Italia); Dr Liz Trenchard (Inggris); Dr James Bennet (Inggris); Prof. Ralp
Noble (Inggris); . Dr. M. Al-Oun (Jordan)
LINGKUP JURNAL THE:
IJOARD meliputi bidang-bidang studi berikut: Organik
pemeliharaan lebah; Produksi tanaman organik; Ekonomi pertanian, pembangunan pedesaan dan organik
pertanian; Pertanian & hewan produksi organik; Ketahanan pangan organik; Organik makanan
berkualitas, pelestarian, produksi, pengolahan, pendingin dan kemasan; Pendidikan dan
pertanian organik; Budidaya organik; Ilmu Tanah dan Pertanian Organik; Kesuburan tanah
bangunan; Tanah Kesehatan dan
Perawatan;
manajemen dan Konservasi Tanah; Pedology dan Organik
Pertanian; Perlindungan tanaman dan pertanian organik; Pasar organik; Pertanian organik
dan pariwisata; Pertanian organik, keanekaragaman hayati dan konservasi alam; ilmu gulma dan
pertanian organik; Perempuan di bidang pertanian organik; Produksi benih organik; Bahan bakar bio
produksi di bidang pertanian organik; Hortikultura organik; Potensi perubahan iklim dan
pertanian organik; Kosmetik organik, perawatan tubuh dan produksi deterjen ekologi;
kebijakan Pemerintah dan dukungan publik, dan peraturan organik; Proses konvensi di
pertanian organik; Pupuk kandang dan kompos produksi, aplikasi dan teknologi; Organik. Pertanian, kesehatan dan keselamatan manusia korespondensi Editorial, buku-buku untuk review, berita, dll harus dikirim ke Editor-in-Chief. Berlangganan harus dikirim ke Editor-in-Chief Penerbit: OLA Publisher, Idi Oro, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. (C) 2010 IJOARD International Journal of Organic Agriculture Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vol. 1 No 1 (2010) pp. 1-23 1 LINGKUP UNTUK REKONSTRUKSI DARI penggembalaan ternak SEKTOR OF XINJIANG BERBASIS ORGANIK PERTANIAN METODE CHAI Juni sebuah, Bill SLEE b, Maurizio CANAVARI c, CHEN Tong sebuah, dan HULIYETI Hasimu sebuah, c sebuah Departemen Ekonomi Pertanian dan Manajemen, Xinjiang Institut Pertanian, Nomor 42 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, 830.052 b The Macaulay Penggunaan Tanah Research Institute, Inggris Raya c Alma Mater Studiourum-Universitas Bologna, Bologna, Italia ABSTRAK Makalah ini mengeksplorasi kelayakan pengembangan ternak organik pertanian di pastoral daerah Xinjiang, untuk mengatasi masalah padang rumput degradasi dan untuk mempromosikan pembangunan berkelanjutan dari penggembalaan sektor peternakan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertanian organik penggembalaan mungkin mengurangi tingkat stok padang rumput dan meredakan hubungan yang tegang antara hewan dan padang rumput, serta antara manusia dan alam. Sebagai hasilnya, nilai sistem penggembalaan multifungsi dapat lebih luas diakui. Serta termasuk produksi dan tujuan ekonomi, implikasi budaya, sosial dan lingkungan juga akan dibawa ke akun. Selain itu, penggembala juga mungkin memiliki sumber peningkatan pendapatan untuk orang miskin di pedesaan. Pasar potensial untuk produk organik sangat besar dan sistem peternakan ternak ruminansia tradisional di Xinjiang sangat dekat dengan peternakan organik. Hal ini dianggap International Journal of Organic Agriculture Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vol. 1 No 1 (2010) hlm. 1-23 2 diperlukan untuk mengubah dari pendekatan yang berorientasi pada produksi pertanian penelitian sistem untuk pertimbangan yang lebih luas dari sistem dan kebijakan yang dibutuhkan untuk mendukung pengembangan ternak merumput organik bersama pertimbangan bagaimana untuk mendanai penelitian dan pelatihan yang relevan dan membangun sistem jaminan kualitas yang berhubungan dengan organik produksi. Kata kunci: Ternak, pastoral, pertanian organik, padang rumput, Xinjiang, UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Para penulis mengakui dukungan dari proyek BEAN-QUORUM (Membangun Jaringan Euro-Asia untuk Kualitas , Organik, dan Unik makanan Pemasaran, TH / Asia-link / 006), dikoordinasi oleh Maurizio Canavari. Kami ingin menyampaikan terima kasih kami yang terdalam ke Grant Davidson (dari Macaulay Institute) untuk menawarkan begitu banyak saran berharga dan juga kepada staf perpustakaan di Macaulay Institute. Karena mereka tinggi kemampuan profesional kami bisa mendapatkan bahan yang sangat berguna dari begitu banyak perpustakaan yang berbeda. The co-penulis ingin memberikan pengakuan karena kontribusi dari Associate Professor Chai Juni dari Xinjiang Pertanian Universitas yang merupakan penulis utama ini kertas. Chai Juni meninggal pada usia tragis di awal musim panas 2010 sebelum penerbitan tulisan ini. Dia memiliki pikiran terus-menerus ingin tahu dan itu sungguh-sungguh dan tekun dalam studinya. Dia juga sangat menyenangkan untuk menjadi dengan dan bekerja dengan. Kami merindukannya sangat. Penulis Sesuai: [e-mail] International Journal of Organic Agriculture Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vol. 1 No 1 (2010) hlm. 1-23 3 PENDAHULUAN Xinjiang, di 1,66 juta km 2, adalah daerah otonom terbesar di China. Its fitur dominan geografis tiga rentang besar gunung - yang Kunlun Shan di selatan, Tien Shan di tengah, dan Altay Shan di utara - dan dua cekungan gurun besar - Tarim di selatan dan Junggar di utara. Xinjiang merupakan daerah gersang. Rata-rata tahunan curah hujan berkisar dari bawah 10mm di tengah padang pasir ke lebih 500 mm di beberapa daerah pegunungan. Curah hujan kurang dari 250 mm per tahun khas di tepi cekungan, di mana populasi manusia dan daerah pertanian terkonsentrasi. The Junggar basin adalah di utara, yang membentang ke sisi-sisi selatan Altay Prefektur di Xinjiang. Suhu rata-rata sekitar 23 ° C pada bulan Juli dan -15,6 ° C pada bulan Januari. Di daerah pegunungan, periode frost-free adalah sekitar 90 hari. Xinjiang adalah salah satu daerah pastoral besar di Cina. Total wilayah padang rumput berjumlah beberapa 56 juta hektar, dimana 47 juta hektar yang bisa digunakan. Padang rumput diklasifikasikan dalam hal musiman mereka digunakan, karena musim dingin, musim semi-musim gugur atau musim panas padang rumput. Padang rumput musim dingin yang terletak di ketinggian rendah, biasanya di sepanjang sungai atau di cekungan gurun. Padang rumput semi-musim gugur terletak di dataran antara tanah yang subur daerah dan bukit-bukit dan di bukit-bukit rendah. Hampir setengah dari semua padang rumput adalah ketinggian tinggi padang rumput musim panas. Pastoralism secara historis merupakan bagian integral dari kehidupan etnis Kazak, Mongol, dan Kirghiz kelompok. Saat ini, lebih dari 80 persen dari penggembala yang semi menetap dan berlatih sistem migrasi vertikal. Padang rumput yang berbeda, seperti sejauh 150 km atau lebih terpisah, yang digunakan secara musiman. Dalam 50 tahun terakhir, jumlah ternak telah meningkat pesat dan ada lebih banyak orang yang tinggal di pertanian pastoral daerah. Namun, pembangunan yang berkesinambungan dari ternak merumput telah disusupi oleh degradasi padang rumput terutama disebabkan oleh kelebihan stok dan kesulitan yang dihadapi oleh petani mencari wajar mata pencaharian. Masalah yang dihadapi oleh merumput penggembala ternak dari Xinjiang tidak hanya ada di Xinjiang juga ditemukan di banyak daerah lain dari dunia. Di negara-negara timur dekat, ruminansia kecil memainkan peran penting dalam kehidupan pedesaan (Bahhady, 1986; Nygaard dan Amir, 1987). Selama beberapa dekade terakhir, keberlanjutan sistem ini telah dikompromikan (Steinfeld et al., 1998). Alasan utama adalah kekurangan pakan yang disebabkan