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Components of a Business Plan1. Introduction. Basic information such as the name, address, and phone number ofthe business; the date the plan was issued; and a statement of confidentiality tokeep important information away from potential competitors.2. Executive Summary. A one- to two-page overview of the entire business plan,including a justification why the business will succeed.3. Benefits to the Community. Information on how the business will have animpact on economic development, community development, and humandevelopment.4. Company and Industry. The background of the company, choice of the legalbusiness form, information on the products or services to be offered, andexamination of the potential customers, current competitors, and thebusiness’s future.5. Management Team. Discussion of skills, talents, and job descriptions ofmanagement team, managerial compensation, management training needs, andprofessional assistance requirements.6. Manufacturing and Operations Plan. Discussion of facilities needed, spacerequirements, capital equipment, labor force, inventory control, and purchasingrequirement.7. Labor Force. Discussion of the quality of skilled workers available and the training,compensation, and motivation of workers.8. Marketing Plan. Discussion of markets, market trends, competition, market share,pricing, promotion, distribution, and service policy.9. Financial Plan. Summary of the investment needed, sales and cash flow forecasts,breakeven analysis, and sources of funding.10. Exit Strategy. Discussion of a succession plan or going public. Who will take overthe business?11. Critical Risks and Assumptions. Evaluation of the weaknesses of the businessand how the company plans to deal with these and other businessproblems.12. Appendix. Supplementary information crucial to the plan, such as résumés ofowners and principal managers, advertising samples, organization chart, and anyrelated information.and mission of the new venture? (2) Why is this new enterprise a good idea? (3) Whatare the businessperson’s goals? (4) How much will the new venture cost?The great amount of time and consideration that should go into creating a businessplan probably will end up saving time later. For example, Sharon Burch, who was runninga computer software business while earning a degree in business administration,had to write a business plan as part of one of her courses. Burch has said, “I wish I’dtaken the class before I started my business. I see a lot of things I could have done differently.But it has helped me since because I’ve been using the business plan as a guidefor my business.” Table 5.4 provides a business plan checklist. Accuracy and realisticexpectations are crucial to an effective business plan. It is unethical to deceive loanofficers, and it is unwise to deceive yourself.146Business Plan Checklist1. Does the executive summary grab the reader’s attention and highlight the majorpoints of the business plan?2. Does the business-concept section clearly describe the purpose of the business,the customers, the value proposition, and the distribution channel and convey acompelling story?3. Do the industry and market analyses support acceptance and demand for thebusiness concept in the marketplace and define a first customer in depth?4. Does the management team plan persuade the reader that the team couldimplement the business concept successfully? Does it assure the reader that aneffective infrastructure is in place to facilitate the goals and operations of thecompany?5. Does the product/service plan clearly provide details on the status of theproduct, the time line for completion, and the intellectual property that will beacquired?6. Does the operations plan prove that the product or service could be produced anddistributed efficiently and effectively?7. Does the marketing plan successfully demonstrate how the company will createcustomer awareness in the target market and deliver the benefit to the customer?8. Does the financial plan convince the reader that the business model issustainable—that it will provide a superior return on investment for the investorand sufficient cash flow to repay loans to potential lenders?9. Does the growth plan convince the reader that the company has long-term growthpotential and spin-off products and services?10. Does the contingency and exit-strategy plan convince the reader that the riskassociated with this venture can be mediated? Is there an exit strategy in place for
investors?
The Small Business Administ rat ion
The Small Business Administration (SBA), created by Congress in 1953, is a
governmental agency that assists, counsels, and protects the interests of small businesses
in the United States. It helps people get into business and stay in business. The agency
provides assistance to owners and managers of prospective, new, and established
small businesses. Through more than 1,000 offices and resource centers throughout
the nation, the SBA provides both financial assistance and management counseling.
Recently, the SBA provided training, technical assistance, and education to more than
3 million small businesses. It helps small firms to bid for and obtain government
contracts, and it helps them to prepare to enter foreign markets.
SBA Management Assistance
Statistics show that most failures in small business are related to poor management.
For this reason, the SBA places special emphasis on improving the management ability
of the owners and managers of small businesses. The SBA’s Management Assistance
Program is extensive and diversified. It includes free individual counseling, courses,
conferences, workshops, and a wide range of publications. Recently, the SBA provided
management and technical assistance to nearly 1 million small businesses through its
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1,100 Small Business Development Centers and 13,000 volunteers from the Service
Corps of Retired Executives.14
Management Courses and Workshops The management courses offered by the
SBA cover all the functions, duties, and roles of managers. Instructors may be teachers
from local colleges and universities or other professionals, such as management consultants,
bankers, lawyers, and accountants. Fees for these courses are quite low. The
most popular such course is a general survey of eight to ten different areas of business
management. In follow-up studies, businesspeople may concentrate in depth on one
or more of these areas depending on their particular strengths and weaknesses. The
SBA occasionally offers one-day conferences. These conferences are aimed at keeping
owner-managers up-to-date on new management developments, tax laws, and the like.
The Small Business Training Network (SBTN) is an online training network consisting
of 83 SBA-run courses, workshops, and resources. Some of the most requested courses
include Entrepreneurship, Starting and Managing Your Own Business, Developing
a Business Plan, Managing the Digital Enterprise, Identify Your Target Market, and
Analyze Profitability. Find out more at www.sba.gov/training. Recently, more than
240,000 small-business owners benefited from SBA’s free online business courses.
SCORE The Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE), created in 1964, is
a group of more than 13,000 retired and active businesspeople including more than
2,000 women who volunteer their services to small businesses through the SBA. The
collective experience of SCORE volunteers spans the full range of American enterprise.
These volunteers have worked for such notable companies as Eastman Kodak, General
Electric, IBM, and Procter & Gamble. Experts in areas of accounting, finance, marketing,
engineering, and retailing provide counseling and mentoring to entrepreneurs.
A small-business owner who has a particular problem can request free counseling from
SCORE. An assigned counselor visits the owner in his or her establishment and, through
careful observation, analyzes the business situation and the problem. If the problem is
complex, the counselor may call on other volunteer experts to assist. Finally, the counselor
offers a plan for solving the problem and helping the owner through the critical period.
Consider the plight of Elizabeth Halvorsen, a mystery writer from Minneapolis.
Her husband had built up the family advertising and graphic arts firm for 17 years
when he was called in 1991 to serve in the Persian Gulf War. The only one left behind
to run the business was Mrs. Halvorsen, who admittedly had no
business experience. Enter SCORE. With a SCORE management
expert at her side, she kept the business on track. Recently, SCORE
volunteers served more than 523,800 small-business people like
Mrs. Halvorsen through its 389 offices. The 13,000 counselors
provided 203,000 face-to-face counseling sessions, 119,000 online
counseling sessions, and more than 49,500 online workshops to
more than 201,000 workshop participants. Since its inception,
SCORE has assisted more than 9 million small-business people
with online and face-to-face small business counseling.15
Help for Minority-Owned Small Businesses
Americans who are members of minority groups have had
difficulty entering the nation’s economic mainstream. Raising
money is a nagging problem for minority business owners, who
also may lack adequate training. Members of minority groups
are, of course, eligible for all SBA programs, but the SBA makes
a special effort to assist those minority groups who want to
start small businesses or expand existing ones. For example, the
Minority Business Development Agency awards grants to develop
and increase business opportunities for members of racial and
ethnic minorities.
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