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Abortion underground in Indonesia,


Abortion underground in Indonesia, where the law is no guide
Beau Donelly | Nov 19, 2012 1:17PM | EMAIL | PRINT

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Abortion is brutal business in Indonesia. While Australian aid dollars go to prenatal and postnatal health, the country’s legal framework leaves women with nowhere to turn, writes freelance journalist Beau Donelly.

The pain woke Gema before morning prayers. She had felt it the day before but it was much worse now. It had been less than 24 hours since she travelled by motorcycle in the pouring rain to the clinic in Indonesia’s East Java province for the abortion her boyfriend had bartered down to Rp3.5 million ($A360). The midwife had told her the procedure could take up to three days to take effect.

Fluid ran between her legs and on to the bed before she stumbled to the toilet, cradling the contents of an oversized plastic nappy. Alone on the bathroom floor in her parents’ home and five months pregnant, the 18-year-old student gave birth to a tiny girl. Gema watched as the baby gasped for air then died a few minutes later. “She looked beautiful,” she recalls. “Her eyes, nose, eyebrows, mouth, fingers, toes were perfect.”



Gema cut the umbilical cord, bathed the body and cried before quietly leaving the bathroom. She was relieved that her parents, who had always been proud of her academic achievements, would never know she had been carrying a baby. Later that day, Gema and her boyfriend buried the tiny body, along with any evidence she had ever been pregnant.

Gema’s was one of at least one million induced abortions, most illegal, performed each year in Indonesia. According to 2008 figures from s-xual health advocates at the US-based Guttmacher Institute, 37 abortions occur for every 1000 Indonesian women of reproductive age. The figure is almost 30% higher than for the rest of Asia and nearly double the number in Australia. What is not known is how many women die every year as a result of septic abortions.

Australia’s overseas aid program AusAid pours almost $560 million into Indonesia each year. In the 2011-12 financial year, about $16.6 million aid funded maternal and neonatal health programs — including post-abortion care and the provision of contraceptive training — in the East Nusa Tenggara province. The government’s international assistance arm has also committed $139 million in maternal health grants to the country, one of Australia’s closest neighbours, between 2010 and 2014.

But the focus is on prenatal and postnatal health rather than on reducing the number of septic abortions. This is despite an acknowledgement that the country is struggling to cut maternal mortality rates. The latest UNICEF figures put the chance of an Indonesian woman dying as a result of complications during pregnancy at one in 90. In Australia, the figure is one in 7400. “Australia’s family planning programs in Indonesia focus on the prevention of unwanted pregnancies, but do not fund abortions,” an AusAid spokeswoman said.

Abortion was made illegal in Indonesia in 1918 and since then political debate about the issue has been influenced largely by conservative Islamic groups concerned about the moral implications of family planning. The collision of religion and governance in the predominantly Muslim country of 240 million people has led to restrictive abortion laws and a flourishing illegal industry.

Gema was left alone at times during the eight-hour procedure. At one point the midwife left her to attend a church service. She was not allowed to drink water. She suffered unbearable pain and for hours she bled. “Tears, regret, hate, nightmares, hallucinations, physical pain. That is how my life has changed,” she says now.

According to Australian National University professor Terence Hull, who has researched s-xual health in Indonesia, two centuries of debate over abortion law have failed to clarify women’s reproductive rights. “They continue to die due to unsafe abortions,” he said. “If students become pregnant, they are expelled from schools. If workers experience a contraceptive failure, they face the unenviable choice of leaving their job or having an illegal pregnancy termination. Poor couples attempting to limit their family size are denied the option of safe abortion in a cultural context that condemns the practice.”

“One of the key points is that ‘illegal’ is a very fraught concept in Indonesia. The laws are terribly contradictory …”

Despite recognition in the 1960s and ’70s that septic abortions were straining the health system and were a major cause of maternal mortality in the region, legalising the procedure is still widely opposed. The resulting Health Law is confusing at best. Drafted in 1992 and revised in 2009, the law refers to abortion as “a certain medical procedure”. It allows abortions up to six weeks gestation, but generally only in r-pe cases or where there is serious risk to the mother’s health. In life-threatening emergencies, the woman’s husband is required to give consent. For a woman who does not satisfy the strict criteria, an illegal abortion is her only option. If caught, she faces four years in jail. Her doctor risks up to 10.

In fact, says Hull, criminal proceedings against practitioners and clients are so rare that the law acts more as a “moral statement”. The law, he says, provides loopholes for doctors and opportunities for bribery by police. “You would think that any organised society interested in eliminating unsafe abortion would be able to prosecute the perpetrators of these crimes. But they go unacknowledged, unreported and unimpeded, protected by the secrecy in which both the pregnancy and the termination are set,” he told Crikey.

“Considering that government officials quote the numbers of abortions in terms of millions of cases annually, it is strange to think that the number of arrests and prosecutions amounts to no more than a handful each year. One of the key points is that ‘illegal’ is a very fraught concept in Indonesia. The laws are terribly contradictory and the practice of abortion is widespread and generally hidden, with little involvement of law enforcement.”

There have even been reported cases of doctors who work at state-run or private clinics also working at illegal outfits, highlighting the divide between law and enforcement.

The Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association, a not-for-profit organisation providing abortion under the guise of “menstrual regulation” at 13 clinics across Indonesia, is an example of how widespread the practice is. Chairman Budi Wahyuni says that more than half of the 3000 women attending the association’s Jogjakarta clinic each year receive abortions at up to 10 weeks’ gestation. Its clients are a mix of unmarried adolescents, married women who do not want more children or who have experienced a contraceptive failure, and women who have been r-ped.Wahyuni says about 40% of those who attend the association’s clinics are turned away for reasons such as not providing their husband’s consent or being more than 10 weeks’ pregnant. “This means that the rest of them will be forced to continue [with the pregnancy] or go to the unsafe services,” Wahyuni says. “If abortion is not legalised, women who need help will seek the unsafe help from traditional birth attendants.” These women risk infection, infertility and even death.

Sarah was studying for her masters in psychology in Jogjakarta when she became pregnant after being r-ped on campus. Consumed by guilt and shame, the 21-year-old had an abortion in secret. Over the following years, Sarah became pregnant twice more. She was not married and, like two-thirds of women in developing countries who fall pregnant, was not using contraception. Both pregnancies ended in abortions at illegal clinics.

“I almost committed suicide,” she recalled. “I had a desire to be a housewife, to take care of my child and the family. But I couldn’t disgrace my family.” Sarah suffered side effects for many months after the abortions, including persistent stomach cramps, hallucinations and a discoloured discharge.

A 2008 Guttmacher study at clinics in six regions across Indonesia found the conditions under which abortions are performed were often unsafe. While researchers estimated family planning staff, obstetricians and midwives performed about 85% of procedures in urban areas, in rural regions 80% of women turn to traditional healers known as dukun.

Their method, like the one Gema experienced, consists of rough abdominal massage, the consumption of toxic herbal mixtures and the insertion of poisonous roots and leaves or chemicals into the uterus. The results can be deadly. In one instance, a woman who consumed a herbal concoction was in so much pain that she smashed her head against a wall. She died soon after, according to the Guttmacher Study.

It is not clear how many Indonesian women die from botched abortions. The government estimates anywhere between five and 11% of maternal deaths are caused by the procedure. The World Health Organisation conservatively puts the figure at 13%.

Psychologist and activist Ninuk Widyantoro, a former counsellor at the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association, says women continue to die as a result of illegal abortions. “It happens every single day in Indonesia,” she said. After leaving the IPPA, Dr Widyantoro founded the not-for-profit Women’s Health Foundation to defend women’s reproductive rights. She has spent the past two decades lobbying for safe abortion in Indonesia and has come under pressure from Islamic and Christian groups.

The Indonesian government’s health ministry invited Dr Widyantoro to help draft changes in the reproductive health guidelines to the country’s 2009 revised Health Law. But more needs to be done, she says. “There is a difference between what we drafted originally and what is now law. We want every woman to have the right
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Aborsi bawah tanah di Indonesia, dimana hukum tidak ada panduanBeau Donelly | November 19, 2012 1:17 PM | EMAIL | CETAK Berbagi 0 0 inShareAborsi adalah brutal bisnis di Indonesia. Sementara dolar Australia bantuan pergi untuk kesehatan kehamilan dan setelah melahirkan, kerangka hukum negara daun wanita dengan tempat untuk berubah, menulis wartawan Beau Donelly.Rasa sakit terbangun Gema sebelum salat pagi. Dia merasa hal itu pada hari sebelumnya tapi itu jauh lebih buruk sekarang. Sudah kurang dari 24 jam sejak dia bepergian dengan sepeda motor di tengah hujan lebat ke klinik di Provinsi Jawa Timur, Indonesia untuk aborsi pacarnya telah rusak ke Rp3.5 juta ($A360). Bidan telah mengatakan kepadanya bahwa prosedur bisa memakan waktu hingga tiga hari untuk mengambil efek.Cairan berlari antara kakinya dan ke tempat tidur sebelum dia tersandung ke toilet, menggendong isi nappy plastik untuk kebesaran. Sendirian di lantai kamar mandi di rumah orangtuanya dan lima bulan hamil, pelajar berusia 18 tahun melahirkan seorang gadis kecil. Gema menyaksikan bayi terkesiap untuk udara kemudian meninggal beberapa menit kemudian. "Dia tampak cantik," Dia mengingatkan. "Mata, hidung, alis, mulut, jari, jari-jari kaki yang sempurna." Gema memotong tali pusat, bermandikan tubuh dan menangis sebelum diam-diam meninggalkan kamar mandi. Dia merasa lega bahwa orangtuanya, yang selalu bangga dengan prestasi akademik nya, tidak akan pernah tahu dia telah membawa bayi. Kemudian hari itu, Gema, dan pacarnya dimakamkan tubuh kecil, bersama dengan bukti dia pernah hamil.Gema adalah salah satu paling sedikit satu juta terimbas aborsi, paling ilegal, dilakukan setiap tahun di Indonesia. Menurut angka-angka 2008 dari s-xual kesehatan pendukung di Institut Guttmacher berbasis di AS, 37 aborsi terjadi untuk setiap 1000 Indonesia wanita usia reproduksi. Angka itu hampir 30% lebih tinggi daripada untuk sisa dari Asia dan hampir dua kali lipat nomor dalam Australia. Apa yang tidak dikenal adalah berapa banyak perempuan meninggal setiap tahun sebagai hasil dari sepsis aborsi.Australia luar negeri bantuan program AusAid hampir $560 juta menuangkan ke dalam Indonesia setiap tahun. Pada tahun anggaran 2011-12, tentang $16.6 juta bantuan didanai program kesehatan ibu dan bayi — termasuk perawatan paska aborsi dan penyediaan kontrasepsi pelatihan — di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Pemerintah bantuan internasional lengan juga telah berkomitmen $139 juta dalam bentuk hibah kesehatan ibu untuk negara, salah satu tetangga terdekat dengan Australia, antara tahun 2010 dan 2014.Tetapi fokus pada kesehatan kehamilan dan setelah melahirkan daripada mengurangi jumlah septik aborsi. Ini adalah meskipun pengakuan bahwa negara sedang berjuang untuk mengurangi tingkat kematian ibu. Angka-angka UNICEF terbaru menempatkan kesempatan seorang wanita Indonesia yang meninggal akibat komplikasi selama kehamilan di salah satu dari 90. Di Australia, angka adalah satu di 7400. "Australia keluarga berencana program di Indonesia berfokus pada pencegahan kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan, tetapi dana aborsi," kata juru bicara AusAid.Aborsi dibuat ilegal di Indonesia pada tahun 1918 dan sejak itu debat politik seputar masalah telah dipengaruhi oleh kelompok-kelompok Islam konservatif prihatin tentang implikasi moral keluarga berencana. Tumbukan agama dan tata kelola di negara mayoritas Muslim 240 juta orang telah menyebabkan undang-undang ketat aborsi dan industri ilegal yang berkembang.Gema ditinggalkan sendirian di kali selama prosedur delapan jam. Pada satu titik bidan meninggalkannya untuk menghadiri Layanan gereja. Dia tidak diperbolehkan untuk minum air. Dia menderita sakit tak tertahankan dan selama jam dia mencurahkan darah. "Air mata, penyesalan, benci, mimpi buruk, halusinasi, sakit fisik. Itu adalah bagaimana kehidupan saya telah berubah,"katanya sekarang.Menurut Profesor Universitas Nasional Australia Terence Hull, yang telah meneliti s-xual kesehatan di Indonesia, dua abad perdebatan mengenai hukum aborsi telah gagal untuk memperjelas hak-hak reproduksi wanita. "Mereka terus mati akibat aborsi tidak aman," katanya. "Jika siswa menjadi hamil, mereka dikeluarkan dari sekolah. Jika pekerja mengalami kegagalan kontrasepsi, mereka menghadapi pilihan enak meninggalkan pekerjaan mereka atau memiliki penghentian kehamilan ilegal. Pasangan miskin yang mencoba untuk membatasi ukuran keluarga mereka menyangkal pilihan untuk aborsi aman dalam konteks budaya yang mengutuk praktik." "Salah satu kunci poin adalah bahwa 'ilegal' adalah sebuah konsep yang sangat penuh di Indonesia. Undang-undang sangat bertentangan..."Meskipun pengakuan di tahun 1960-an dan ' 70-an bahwa aborsi septik yang melelahkan sistem kesehatan dan penyebab utama kematian ibu di wilayah, legalising prosedur adalah masih banyak menentang. Undang-undang kesehatan yang dihasilkan membingungkan terbaik. Disusun pada tahun 1992 dan direvisi pada tahun 2009, undang-undang mengacu aborsi sebagai "tertentu prosedur medis". Hal ini memungkinkan aborsi sampai enam minggu kehamilan, tetapi umumnya hanya dalam kasus r-pe atau di mana ada risiko serius bagi kesehatan ibu. Dalam kehidupan-mengancam keadaan darurat, suami perempuan itu diperlukan untuk memberikan persetujuan. Bagi seorang wanita yang tidak memenuhi kriteria ketat, aborsi ilegal adalah satunya pilihan. Jika tertangkap, dia menghadapi empat tahun penjara. Dokternya risiko hingga 10.Bahkan, mengatakan Hull, proses pidana terhadap klien dan praktisi sangat langka bahwa hukum bertindak lebih sebagai "pernyataan moral". Undang-undang, katanya, memberikan celah untuk dokter dan peluang untuk penyuapan oleh polisi. "Anda akan berpikir bahwa setiap masyarakat teratur yang tertarik untuk menghilangkan aborsi tidak aman akan dapat untuk mengadili para pelaku kejahatan ini. Tetapi mereka pergi unacknowledged, tidak dilaporkan, dan tanpa hambatan, dilindungi oleh kerahasiaan di mana kedua kehamilan dan penghentian ditetapkan,"katanya kepada Crikey."Mengingat bahwa pejabat pemerintah mengutip jumlah aborsi dalam jutaan kasus setiap tahunnya, sangat aneh untuk berpikir bahwa jumlah penangkapan dan penuntutan jumlah tidak lebih dari segenggam setiap tahun. Salah satu kunci poin adalah bahwa 'ilegal' adalah sebuah konsep yang sangat penuh di Indonesia. Undang-undang sangat kontradiktif dan praktek aborsi luas dan umumnya tersembunyi, dengan sedikit keterlibatan penegakan hukum."Bahkan ada kasus yang dilaporkan dokter yang bekerja di klinik dikelola negara atau swasta yang juga bekerja di ilegal pakaian, menyoroti kesenjangan antara hukum dan penegakan.Asosiasi Planned Parenthood Indonesia, sebuah organisasi Nir-laba yang menyediakan aborsi di bawah kedok "menstruasi peraturan" di 13 klinik di seluruh Indonesia, adalah contoh dari seberapa luas praktek ini. Ketua Budi Wahyuni mengatakan bahwa lebih dari setengah dari wanita 3000 menghadiri Asosiasi Jogjakarta klinik setiap tahun menerima aborsi di hingga 10 minggu kehamilan. Klien adalah campuran remaja yang belum menikah, wanita menikah yang tidak ingin anak-anak lain atau yang telah mengalami kegagalan kontrasepsi dan wanita yang telah r-ped.Wahyuni mengatakan sekitar 40% dari orang-orang yang menghadiri klinik Asosiasi yang berpaling untuk alasan seperti tidak memberikan persetujuan suami mereka atau menjadi lebih dari 10 minggu hamil. "Ini berarti bahwa sisa mereka akan dipaksa untuk melanjutkan [dengan kehamilan] atau pergi ke layanan yang tidak aman," kata Wahyuni. "Jika aborsi tidak disahkan, perempuan yang membutuhkan bantuan akan mencari bantuan tidak aman dari dukun." Perempuan ini risiko infeksi, infertilitas, dan bahkan kematian.Sarah belajar untuk Master dalam psikologi di Jogjakarta ketika dia hamil setelah r-ped di kampus. Dikonsumsi oleh rasa bersalah dan malu, berusia 21 tahun pernah aborsi secara rahasia. Selama tahun berikutnya, Sarah hamil dua kali lagi. Dia tidak menikah dan, seperti dua-pertiga dari wanita di negara berkembang yang jatuh hamil, tidak menggunakan kontrasepsi. Kehamilan kedua berakhir di aborsi di klinik ilegal."Saya hampir melakukan bunuh diri," Dia ingat. "Aku punya keinginan untuk menjadi seorang ibu rumah tangga, untuk mengurus anak saya dan keluarga. "Tapi aku tidak bisa aib keluarga saya." Sarah menderita efek samping selama berbulan-bulan setelah aborsi, termasuk kram perut terus-menerus, halusinasi dan debit berubah.2008 studi Guttmacher di klinik di enam daerah di seluruh Indonesia menemukan kondisi di mana aborsi dilakukan sering tidak aman. Sementara para peneliti diperkirakan staf perencanaan keluarga, obstetricians, dan bidan dilakukan sekitar 85% dari prosedur di daerah perkotaan, di daerah pedesaan 80% wanita beralih ke penyembuh tradisional dikenal sebagai dukun.Metode mereka, seperti Gema satu yang berpengalaman, terdiri dari pijat perut kasar, konsumsi beracun campuran herbal dan penyisipan beracun akar dan daun atau bahan kimia ke dalam rahim. Hasilnya dapat mematikan. Dalam satu contoh, seorang wanita yang mengkonsumsi ramuan herbal adalah sakit begitu banyak bahwa ia hancur kepalanya dinding. Dia meninggal tak lama setelah itu, menurut penelitian Guttmacher.Hal ini tidak jelas berapa banyak wanita Indonesia mati dari aborsi dirusak. Perkiraan pemerintah manapun antara lima dan 11% dari kematian ibu disebabkan oleh prosedur. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia konservatif menempatkan angka 13%.Psikolog dan aktivis Ninuk Widyantoro, mantan konselor di Asosiasi Planned Parenthood Indonesia, kata perempuan terus mati akibat aborsi ilegal. "Itu terjadi setiap hari di Indonesia," katanya. Setelah meninggalkan IPPA, Dr Widyantoro mendirikan Yayasan Kesehatan perempuan tidak-untuk-keuntungan untuk membela hak-hak reproduksi wanita. Dia telah menghabiskan dua dekade melobi aborsi aman di Indonesia dan telah datang di bawah tekanan dari kelompok-kelompok Islam dan Kristen.Pemerintah Indonesia Departemen Kesehatan mengundang Dr Widyantoro untuk membantu rancangan perubahan dalam kesehatan reproduksi pedoman untuk negara 2009 direvisi hukum kesehatan. Tetapi lebih banyak perlu dilakukan, katanya. "Ada perbedaan antara apa yang kita merancang awalnya dan yang sekarang hukum. Setiap wanita memiliki hak yang kita inginkan
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Abortion underground in Indonesia, where the law is no guide
Beau Donelly | Nov 19, 2012 1:17PM | EMAIL | PRINT

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Abortion is brutal business in Indonesia. While Australian aid dollars go to prenatal and postnatal health, the country’s legal framework leaves women with nowhere to turn, writes freelance journalist Beau Donelly.

The pain woke Gema before morning prayers. She had felt it the day before but it was much worse now. It had been less than 24 hours since she travelled by motorcycle in the pouring rain to the clinic in Indonesia’s East Java province for the abortion her boyfriend had bartered down to Rp3.5 million ($A360). The midwife had told her the procedure could take up to three days to take effect.

Fluid ran between her legs and on to the bed before she stumbled to the toilet, cradling the contents of an oversized plastic nappy. Alone on the bathroom floor in her parents’ home and five months pregnant, the 18-year-old student gave birth to a tiny girl. Gema watched as the baby gasped for air then died a few minutes later. “She looked beautiful,” she recalls. “Her eyes, nose, eyebrows, mouth, fingers, toes were perfect.”



Gema cut the umbilical cord, bathed the body and cried before quietly leaving the bathroom. She was relieved that her parents, who had always been proud of her academic achievements, would never know she had been carrying a baby. Later that day, Gema and her boyfriend buried the tiny body, along with any evidence she had ever been pregnant.

Gema’s was one of at least one million induced abortions, most illegal, performed each year in Indonesia. According to 2008 figures from s-xual health advocates at the US-based Guttmacher Institute, 37 abortions occur for every 1000 Indonesian women of reproductive age. The figure is almost 30% higher than for the rest of Asia and nearly double the number in Australia. What is not known is how many women die every year as a result of septic abortions.

Australia’s overseas aid program AusAid pours almost $560 million into Indonesia each year. In the 2011-12 financial year, about $16.6 million aid funded maternal and neonatal health programs — including post-abortion care and the provision of contraceptive training — in the East Nusa Tenggara province. The government’s international assistance arm has also committed $139 million in maternal health grants to the country, one of Australia’s closest neighbours, between 2010 and 2014.

But the focus is on prenatal and postnatal health rather than on reducing the number of septic abortions. This is despite an acknowledgement that the country is struggling to cut maternal mortality rates. The latest UNICEF figures put the chance of an Indonesian woman dying as a result of complications during pregnancy at one in 90. In Australia, the figure is one in 7400. “Australia’s family planning programs in Indonesia focus on the prevention of unwanted pregnancies, but do not fund abortions,” an AusAid spokeswoman said.

Abortion was made illegal in Indonesia in 1918 and since then political debate about the issue has been influenced largely by conservative Islamic groups concerned about the moral implications of family planning. The collision of religion and governance in the predominantly Muslim country of 240 million people has led to restrictive abortion laws and a flourishing illegal industry.

Gema was left alone at times during the eight-hour procedure. At one point the midwife left her to attend a church service. She was not allowed to drink water. She suffered unbearable pain and for hours she bled. “Tears, regret, hate, nightmares, hallucinations, physical pain. That is how my life has changed,” she says now.

According to Australian National University professor Terence Hull, who has researched s-xual health in Indonesia, two centuries of debate over abortion law have failed to clarify women’s reproductive rights. “They continue to die due to unsafe abortions,” he said. “If students become pregnant, they are expelled from schools. If workers experience a contraceptive failure, they face the unenviable choice of leaving their job or having an illegal pregnancy termination. Poor couples attempting to limit their family size are denied the option of safe abortion in a cultural context that condemns the practice.”

“One of the key points is that ‘illegal’ is a very fraught concept in Indonesia. The laws are terribly contradictory …”

Despite recognition in the 1960s and ’70s that septic abortions were straining the health system and were a major cause of maternal mortality in the region, legalising the procedure is still widely opposed. The resulting Health Law is confusing at best. Drafted in 1992 and revised in 2009, the law refers to abortion as “a certain medical procedure”. It allows abortions up to six weeks gestation, but generally only in r-pe cases or where there is serious risk to the mother’s health. In life-threatening emergencies, the woman’s husband is required to give consent. For a woman who does not satisfy the strict criteria, an illegal abortion is her only option. If caught, she faces four years in jail. Her doctor risks up to 10.

In fact, says Hull, criminal proceedings against practitioners and clients are so rare that the law acts more as a “moral statement”. The law, he says, provides loopholes for doctors and opportunities for bribery by police. “You would think that any organised society interested in eliminating unsafe abortion would be able to prosecute the perpetrators of these crimes. But they go unacknowledged, unreported and unimpeded, protected by the secrecy in which both the pregnancy and the termination are set,” he told Crikey.

“Considering that government officials quote the numbers of abortions in terms of millions of cases annually, it is strange to think that the number of arrests and prosecutions amounts to no more than a handful each year. One of the key points is that ‘illegal’ is a very fraught concept in Indonesia. The laws are terribly contradictory and the practice of abortion is widespread and generally hidden, with little involvement of law enforcement.”

There have even been reported cases of doctors who work at state-run or private clinics also working at illegal outfits, highlighting the divide between law and enforcement.

The Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association, a not-for-profit organisation providing abortion under the guise of “menstrual regulation” at 13 clinics across Indonesia, is an example of how widespread the practice is. Chairman Budi Wahyuni says that more than half of the 3000 women attending the association’s Jogjakarta clinic each year receive abortions at up to 10 weeks’ gestation. Its clients are a mix of unmarried adolescents, married women who do not want more children or who have experienced a contraceptive failure, and women who have been r-ped.Wahyuni says about 40% of those who attend the association’s clinics are turned away for reasons such as not providing their husband’s consent or being more than 10 weeks’ pregnant. “This means that the rest of them will be forced to continue [with the pregnancy] or go to the unsafe services,” Wahyuni says. “If abortion is not legalised, women who need help will seek the unsafe help from traditional birth attendants.” These women risk infection, infertility and even death.

Sarah was studying for her masters in psychology in Jogjakarta when she became pregnant after being r-ped on campus. Consumed by guilt and shame, the 21-year-old had an abortion in secret. Over the following years, Sarah became pregnant twice more. She was not married and, like two-thirds of women in developing countries who fall pregnant, was not using contraception. Both pregnancies ended in abortions at illegal clinics.

“I almost committed suicide,” she recalled. “I had a desire to be a housewife, to take care of my child and the family. But I couldn’t disgrace my family.” Sarah suffered side effects for many months after the abortions, including persistent stomach cramps, hallucinations and a discoloured discharge.

A 2008 Guttmacher study at clinics in six regions across Indonesia found the conditions under which abortions are performed were often unsafe. While researchers estimated family planning staff, obstetricians and midwives performed about 85% of procedures in urban areas, in rural regions 80% of women turn to traditional healers known as dukun.

Their method, like the one Gema experienced, consists of rough abdominal massage, the consumption of toxic herbal mixtures and the insertion of poisonous roots and leaves or chemicals into the uterus. The results can be deadly. In one instance, a woman who consumed a herbal concoction was in so much pain that she smashed her head against a wall. She died soon after, according to the Guttmacher Study.

It is not clear how many Indonesian women die from botched abortions. The government estimates anywhere between five and 11% of maternal deaths are caused by the procedure. The World Health Organisation conservatively puts the figure at 13%.

Psychologist and activist Ninuk Widyantoro, a former counsellor at the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association, says women continue to die as a result of illegal abortions. “It happens every single day in Indonesia,” she said. After leaving the IPPA, Dr Widyantoro founded the not-for-profit Women’s Health Foundation to defend women’s reproductive rights. She has spent the past two decades lobbying for safe abortion in Indonesia and has come under pressure from Islamic and Christian groups.

The Indonesian government’s health ministry invited Dr Widyantoro to help draft changes in the reproductive health guidelines to the country’s 2009 revised Health Law. But more needs to be done, she says. “There is a difference between what we drafted originally and what is now law. We want every woman to have the right
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