When offshoring entered the popular lexicon, in the 1990s, it became s terjemahan - When offshoring entered the popular lexicon, in the 1990s, it became s Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

When offshoring entered the popular

When offshoring entered the popular lexicon, in the 1990s, it became shorthand for efforts to arbitrage labor costs by using lower-wage workers in developing nations. But savvy manufacturing leaders saw it as more: a decisive change in globalization, made possible by a wave of liberalization in countries such as China and India, a steady improvement in the capabilities of emerging-market suppliers and workers, a growing ability to transfer proven management processes to new locales, and increasingly favorable transportation and communications economics.

Something of equal moment is occurring today. As we settle into a “new normal” catalyzed by the global financial crisis, the ensuing recession, and an uneven global recovery, traditional arbitrage models seem increasingly outmoded.1 For some products, low labor costs still furnish a decisive competitive edge, of course. But as wages and purchasing power rise in emerging markets, their relative importance as centers of demand, not just supply, is growing.

Global energy dynamics too are evolving—not just the now-familiar shale-gas revolution in the United States, but also rising levels of innovation in areas such as battery storage and renewables—potentially reframing manufacturers’ strategic options. Simultaneously, advances stemming from the expanding Internet of Things, the next wave of robotics, and other disruptive technologies are enabling radical operational innovations while boosting the importance of new workforce skills.

Rather than focus on offshoring or even “reshoring”—a term used to describe the return of manufacturing to developed markets as wages rise in emerging ones—today’s manufacturing strategies need to concentrate on what’s coming next. A next-shoring perspective emphasizes proximity to demand and proximity to innovation. Both are crucial in a world where evolving demand from new markets places a premium on the ability to adapt products to different regions and where emerging technologies that could disrupt costs and processes are making new supply ecosystems a differentiator. Next-shoring strategies encompass elements such as a diverse and agile set of production locations, a rich network of innovation-oriented partnerships, and a strong focus on technical skills.

In this article, we’ll describe the economic forces sweeping across the manufacturing landscape and examine technologies coming to the fore. Then we’ll suggest some principles for executives operating in this new world. The picture we’re painting is of necessity impressionistic: next-shoring is still taking shape and no doubt will evolve in unexpected ways. What’s increasingly clear, though, is that the assumptions underlying its predecessor, offshoring, are giving way to something new.

Economic fundamentals
The case for next-shoring starts with the economic fundamentals of demand (since the importance of local factors is growing) and supply (as the dynamics of labor and energy costs evolve).

The importance of local demand factors

More than two-thirds of global manufacturing activity takes place in industries that tend to locate close to demand. This simple fact helps explain why manufacturing output and employment have recently risen—not only in Europe and North America, but also in emerging markets, such as China—since demand bottomed out during the recession following the financial crisis of 2008.

Regional demand looms large in sectors such as automobiles, machinery, food and beverages, and fabricated metals. In the United States, about 85 percent of the industrial rebound (half a million jobs since 2010) can be explained just by output growth in automobiles, machinery, and oil and gas—along with the linkages between these sectors and locally oriented suppliers of fabricated metals, rubber, and plastics (Exhibit 1).2 The automotive, machinery, and oil and gas industries consume nearly 80 percent of US metals output, for example.

Exhibit 1

In the recent US industrial rebound, about 85 percent of the job growth in manufacturing occurred in automobiles, machinery, and regional-supplier industries.

Enlarge

In China too, locally oriented manufacturers have contributed significantly to rising regional investment and employment. The country has, for example, emerged as the world’s largest market and producer for the automotive industry, and many rapidly growing manufacturing sectors there have deep ties to it. As automotive OEMs expand their capacity in emerging markets to serve regional demand, their suppliers have followed; the number of automotive-supplier plants in Asia has tripled in just the past decade.

The emerging markets’ share of global demand is steadily climbing, from roughly 40 percent in 2008 to an expected 66 percent by 2025 (Exhibit 2). As that share rises, it also is fragmenting into many product varieties, feature and quality levels, price points, service needs, and marketing channels. The regional, ethnic, income, and cultural diversity of markets such as Africa, Brazil, China, and India (where some local segments exceed the size of entire markets in developed nations) is raising the ante for meeting local demand. In the automobile industry, for example, fragmenting customer demand has led to a 30 to 50 percent increase in the number of models. Ninety percent of recent capital expenditures in the automotive sector have involved product derivatives worldwide and capacity expansions in new markets.

Exhibit 2

Emerging markets' share of global demand is expected to reach 66 percent by 2025.

Enlarge

The limits of labor-cost arbitrage

Surging local demand helps explain why rapid wage growth in China hasn’t choked off manufacturing expansion there. Wages have nearly doubled since 2008, partly as a result of domestic minimum-wage policies.3 (The country’s 2011 five-year plan called for 13 percent average annual minimum-wage increases, a rate some provinces have already exceeded.) True, in a few labor-intensive, trade-oriented industries, such as apparel production and consumer electronics, labor-cost changes do tend to tip the balance between different geographic regions; manufacturing employment in Bangladesh and Vietnam, for instance, has benefited from China’s wage surge, even as Chinese manufacturers are seeking to raise productivity.

But these are far from the only implications of rising wages. Just as Henry Ford’s $5 day helped create a new consuming class, so higher wages in China are increasing local demand, thus reinforcing the local-investment choices of OEMs and suppliers. At the same time, there is little evidence of a zero-sum game between China and advanced economies, such as the United States. Rather, the narrowing labor-cost gap reinforces the importance of local demand factors in driving manufacturing employment. Indeed, factor costs often have the greatest impact on location decisions within a region—for example, Airbus moving to Alabama instead of Texas or North Carolina. These costs interact with policy factors, such as infrastructure spending and tax incentives, to shape a region’s overall economic attractiveness.

The impact of energy costs

The price of natural gas in the United States has fallen by two-thirds as gas production from shale deposits rose by 50 percent annually since 2007. A narrow range of sectors—gas-intensive manufacturing, such as the production of petrochemicals, fertilizer, and steel—are benefiting most directly. Some downstream players in the energy value chain have begun shifting investments. Dow Chemical, BASF, and Methanex, for example, have announced plans for new US manufacturing capacity to take advantage of cheaper, abundant energy supplies.

These moves are important for such companies and subsectors; McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) research suggests that by 2020, lower-cost energy could boost US GDP by somewhere between $400 billion and $700 billion.4 But do they presage a dramatic rebalancing of global manufacturing activity? Electricity costs were already lower in the United States than in many countries, including China—which, along with others, also has opportunities to boost its own energy output through hydraulic fracturing. And fossil fuels aren’t the only area where the energy-supply picture is morphing.

Consider, for example, the potential impact of energy-storage technologies, especially lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells, which are becoming more capable and less costly. At the same time, the improving economics of renewable-energy production—particularly solar and wind power—offers manufacturers an expanding range of future supply options. In some developing regions where power grids are unreliable or nonexistent, factory complexes served by distributed solar power may be feasible. Distributed generation is also growing in combined heat–power (CHP) plants, which use heat created in the production process to run steam turbines and generate electricity locally.

None of these is a silver bullet today. But as advances continue over time, more and more companies may become able to ask themselves where they would place major strategic bets if the availability and price of energy were lesser concerns. That too will probably lead back to a focus on local demand patterns. Interestingly, the country representing the greatest source of future demand growth—China—also is actively stimulating the development of a range of new energy sources and storage technologies through a focus on new strategic industries in its five-year plans.5
Technology disruption ahead
Technology is affecting far more than energy dynamics. Advanced robotics, 3-D printers, and the large-scale digitization of operations are poised to alter fundamental assumptions about manufacturing costs and footprints.6 To derive value from these shifts, companies will have to make significant investments and ensure access to hubs of innovation, capable suppliers, and highly skilled workers.

Advanced robo
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Ketika offshoring memasuki leksikon populer, pada 1990-an, itu menjadi singkatan untuk upaya untuk arbitrase biaya tenaga kerja dengan upah rendah pekerja di negara berkembang. Tapi cerdas manufaktur pemimpin melihatnya sebagai lebih: menentukan perubahan globalisasi, dimungkinkan oleh gelombang liberalisasi di negara-negara seperti Cina dan India, peningkatan yang stabil pada kemampuan negara-negara pemasok dan pekerja, kemampuan yang berkembang untuk mentransfer terbukti manajemen proses baru lokal, dan semakin menguntungkan transportasi dan komunikasi ekonomi.

sesuatu yang sama saat terjadi hari ini. Seperti kami menetap di sebuah "new normal" dikatalisis oleh krisis keuangan global, resesi berikutnya, dan pemulihan global tidak merata, model tradisional arbitrase tampaknya semakin outmoded.1 untuk beberapa produk, biaya rendah tenaga kerja masih memberikan keunggulan kompetitif menentukan, tentu saja. Tetapi sebagai upah dan daya beli naik di pasar negara berkembang, mereka relatif pentingnya sebagai pusat permintaan, tidak hanya pasokan, tumbuh.

Dinamika global energi terlalu berkembang — bukan hanya sekarang-akrab shale gas revolusi di Amerika Serikat, tetapi juga naik tingkat inovasi di bidang baterai penyimpanan dan energi terbarukan-berpotensi pembingkaian kembali pilihan strategis produsen. Secara bersamaan, kemajuan berasal dari Internet hal yang berkembang, gelombang berikutnya Robotika, dan teknologi mengganggu lain memungkinkan radikal operasional inovasi sambil meningkatkan pentingnya keterampilan tenaga kerja baru.

daripada fokus pada offshoring atau bahkan "reshoring"-istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kembalinya manufaktur untuk pasar negara maju sebagai kenaikan upah yang muncul — strategi manufaktur hari ini perlu berkonsentrasi pada apa yang akan terjadi selanjutnya. Perspektif berikutnya-menopang menekankan dengan permintaan dan kedekatan dengan inovasi. Keduanya sangat penting dalam dunia di mana berkembang permintaan dari pasar baru tempat premi pada kemampuan untuk beradaptasi produk ke berbagai daerah dan mana teknologi yang dapat mengganggu proses dan biaya membuat baru pasokan ekosistem pembeda. Strategi berikutnya-menopang mencakup unsur-unsur seperti satu set beragam dan tangkas lokasi produksi, Jaringan kaya berorientasi inovasi kemitraan, dan fokus yang kuat pada keterampilan teknis.

dalam artikel ini, kami akan menjelaskan kekuatan-kekuatan ekonomi yang menyapu seluruh lanskap manufaktur dan memeriksa teknologi yang datang ke kedepan. Kemudian kami akan menyarankan beberapa prinsip bagi para eksekutif yang beroperasi di dunia baru ini. Gambar kami lukisan adalah kebutuhan terobosan: berikutnya-menopang masih adalah mengambil bentuk dan tidak diragukan lagi akan berkembang dalam cara yang tak terduga. Yang semakin jelas, meskipun, adalah bahwa asumsi-asumsi yang mendasari pendahulunya, offshoring, memberikan cara untuk sesuatu yang baru.

fundamental ekonomi
Kasus untuk berikutnya-menopang dimulai dengan dasar-dasar ekonomi supply dan demand (karena pentingnya faktor lokal berkembang) (seperti dinamika biaya tenaga kerja dan energi berkembang).

pentingnya faktor permintaan lokal

lebih dari dua-pertiga dari kegiatan manufaktur mengambil tempat di industri yang cenderung untuk mencari dekat dengan permintaan. Fakta sederhana ini membantu menjelaskan mengapa output manufaktur dan pekerjaan baru saja naik — tidak hanya di Eropa dan Amerika Utara, tetapi juga di pasar negara berkembang, seperti Cina — karena permintaan dipercaya keluar selama resesi mengikuti krisis keuangan 2008.

permintaan Regional tenun besar di sektor seperti mobil, mesin, makanan dan minuman, dan fabrikasi logam. Di Amerika Serikat, sekitar 85 persen dari industri rebound (setengah juta pekerjaan sejak 2010) dapat dijelaskan hanya oleh pertumbuhan output dalam kendaraan bermotor, mesin, dan minyak dan gas — bersama dengan keterkaitan antara sektor ini dan lokal berorientasi pemasok fabrikasi logam, karet dan plastik (1 pameran).2 otomotif, mesin, dan industri minyak dan gas mengkonsumsi hampir 80 persen dari US logam output, sebagai contoh.

1 pameran

hari US industri rebound, sekitar 85 persen dari pertumbuhan pekerjaan manufaktur terjadi di mobil, mesin, dan regional-supplier industri.

Perbesar

di Cina, produsen lokal berorientasi telah berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap meningkatnya daerah investasi dan pekerjaan. Negara ini memiliki, misalnya, muncul sebagai produser untuk industri otomotif dan pasar terbesar di dunia, dan banyak berkembang pesat manufaktur sektor tidak memiliki ikatan yang mendalam untuk itu. Sebagai OEM otomotif memperluas kapasitas mereka di pasar negara berkembang untuk melayani permintaan regional, pemasok mereka telah mengikuti; jumlah tanaman otomotif-supplier di Asia telah tiga kali lipat dalam dasawarsa terakhir.

Pangsa pasar-pasar baru permintaan global terus naik, dari kira-kira 40 persen di tahun 2009 diharapkan 66 persen 2025 (2 pameran). Seperti yang berbagi naik, itu juga adalah fragmenting ke banyak varietas produk, tingkat fitur dan kualitas, harga poin, kebutuhan layanan, dan saluran pemasaran. Daerah, etnis, pendapatan, dan keragaman budaya pasar seperti Afrika, Brasil, China, dan India (di mana beberapa segmen lokal melebihi ukuran seluruh pasar di negara-negara maju) adalah meningkatkan ante untuk memenuhi permintaan lokal. Di industri otomotif, misalnya, fragmenting permintaan pelanggan telah menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah model 30 untuk 50 persen. Sembilan puluh persen dari hari belanja modal di sektor otomotif telah melibatkan derivatif produk di seluruh dunia dan ekspansi kapasitas dalam baru pasar.

2 pameran

muncul pangsa pasar permintaan global diperkirakan akan mencapai 66 persen 2025.

Perbesar

batas biaya tenaga kerja arbitrasi

Lonjakan permintaan lokal membantu menjelaskan mengapa upah cepat pertumbuhan di Cina belum tercekik manufaktur ekspansi ada. Upah hampir dua kali lipat sejak tahun 2008, sebagian adalah hasil dari upah minimum domestik policies.3 (negara 2011 lima tahun rencana menyerukan 13 persen rata-rata tahunan upah minimum meningkat, tingkat beberapa Provinsi telah terlampaui.) Benar, dalam beberapa padat karya, berorientasi perdagangan industri, seperti pakaian produksi dan konsumen elektronik, biaya tenaga kerja perubahan cenderung tip keseimbangan antara wilayah geografis yang berbeda; manufaktur pekerjaan di Bangladesh dan Vietnam, misalnya, telah diuntungkan dari Cina upah gelombang, bahkan sebagai produsen Cina berusaha untuk meningkatkan produktivitas.

tapi ini jauh dari implikasi hanya kenaikan upah. Hanya sebagai Henry Ford $5 hari membantu menciptakan kelas baru memakan, sehingga upah yang lebih tinggi di Cina meningkatkan permintaan lokal, sehingga memperkuat pilihan lokal-investasi OEM dan pemasok. Pada saat yang sama, ada sedikit bukti nol - sum game antara Cina dan negara-negara maju seperti Amerika Serikat. Sebaliknya, biaya tenaga kerja penyempitan kesenjangan memperkuat pentingnya faktor permintaan lokal dalam mengarahkan pekerjaan manufaktur. Memang, faktor biaya sering memiliki dampak terbesar pada lokasi keputusan dalam wilayah — misalnya, Airbus pindah ke Alabama Texas atau North Carolina. Biaya ini berinteraksi dengan kebijakan faktor, seperti insentif pajak dan pengeluaran infrastruktur, untuk membentuk suatu wilayah ekonomi daya tarik.

dampak biaya energi

harga gas alam di Amerika Serikat telah jatuh oleh dua pertiga sebagai produksi gas dari serpih deposito naik 50 persen setiap tahunnya sejak tahun 2007. Kisaran yang sempit dari sektor — pabrikan gas-intensif, seperti produksi petrokimia, pupuk, dan baja — mendapatkan manfaat secara langsung. Beberapa pemain hilir dalam rantai nilai energi telah mulai bergeser investasi. Dow Chemical, BASF, dan Methanex, misalnya, telah mengumumkan rencana untuk baru kami manufaktur kapasitas untuk mengambil keuntungan dari lebih murah, berlimpah energi persediaan.

langkah penting untuk perusahaan tersebut dan subsectors; McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 2020, rendah biaya energi bisa meningkatkan PDB AS dengan suatu tempat antara $400 miliar dan $700 billion.4 tapi apakah mereka menandakan rebalancing dramatis kegiatan manufaktur globalnya? Biaya listrik yang sudah lebih rendah di Amerika Serikat daripada di banyak negara, termasuk China — yang, bersama dengan orang lain, juga memiliki kesempatan untuk meningkatkan output energi sendiri melalui patahan hidrolik. Dan bahan bakar fosil tidak satu-satunya daerah dimana pasokan energi gambar morphing.

mempertimbangkan, misalnya, dampak potensial Teknologi Penyimpanan energi, terutama lithium-ion baterai dan sel bahan bakar, yang menjadi lebih mampu dan kurang mahal. Pada saat yang sama, ekonomi meningkatkan produksi energi terbarukan — terutama solar dan tenaga angin — menawarkan produsen memperluas jangkauan pilihan persediaan untuk masa depan. Di beberapa daerah berkembang yang mana jaringan listrik tidak dapat diandalkan atau tidak ada, kompleks pabrik dilayani oleh didistribusikan tenaga surya mungkin layak. Terdistribusi juga semakin gabungan heat–power (CHP) tanaman, yang menggunakan panas yang dihasilkan dalam proses produksi untuk menjalankan turbin uap dan menghasilkan listrik lokal.

tak satu pun dari ini adalah peluru perak hari ini. Tetapi sebagai kemajuan terus dari waktu ke waktu, semakin banyak perusahaan dapat menjadi mampu untuk bertanya pada diri sendiri yang mana mereka akan menempatkan taruhan strategis utama jika ketersediaan dan harga energi keprihatinan yang lebih rendah. Yang juga akan membawa kembali fokus pada pola-pola permintaan lokal. Menariknya, negara mewakili sumber terbesar dari pertumbuhan permintaan masa depan — Cina — juga aktif adalah merangsang perkembangan berbagai sumber energi baru dan penyimpanan teknologi melalui fokus pada industri strategis baru di dengan gangguan plans.5
Technology lima tahun ke depan
Teknologi mempengaruhi jauh lebih banyak daripada dinamika energi. Lanjutan Robotika, 3-D printer dan digitalisasi skala besar operasi yang siap untuk mengubah dasar asumsi tentang biaya produksi dan footprints.6 untuk mendapatkan nilai dari pergeseran ini, perusahaan akan harus membuat investasi yang signifikan dan memastikan akses ke hub inovasi, mampu pemasok dan pekerja terampil.

Robo lanjutan
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
When offshoring entered the popular lexicon, in the 1990s, it became shorthand for efforts to arbitrage labor costs by using lower-wage workers in developing nations. But savvy manufacturing leaders saw it as more: a decisive change in globalization, made possible by a wave of liberalization in countries such as China and India, a steady improvement in the capabilities of emerging-market suppliers and workers, a growing ability to transfer proven management processes to new locales, and increasingly favorable transportation and communications economics.

Something of equal moment is occurring today. As we settle into a “new normal” catalyzed by the global financial crisis, the ensuing recession, and an uneven global recovery, traditional arbitrage models seem increasingly outmoded.1 For some products, low labor costs still furnish a decisive competitive edge, of course. But as wages and purchasing power rise in emerging markets, their relative importance as centers of demand, not just supply, is growing.

Global energy dynamics too are evolving—not just the now-familiar shale-gas revolution in the United States, but also rising levels of innovation in areas such as battery storage and renewables—potentially reframing manufacturers’ strategic options. Simultaneously, advances stemming from the expanding Internet of Things, the next wave of robotics, and other disruptive technologies are enabling radical operational innovations while boosting the importance of new workforce skills.

Rather than focus on offshoring or even “reshoring”—a term used to describe the return of manufacturing to developed markets as wages rise in emerging ones—today’s manufacturing strategies need to concentrate on what’s coming next. A next-shoring perspective emphasizes proximity to demand and proximity to innovation. Both are crucial in a world where evolving demand from new markets places a premium on the ability to adapt products to different regions and where emerging technologies that could disrupt costs and processes are making new supply ecosystems a differentiator. Next-shoring strategies encompass elements such as a diverse and agile set of production locations, a rich network of innovation-oriented partnerships, and a strong focus on technical skills.

In this article, we’ll describe the economic forces sweeping across the manufacturing landscape and examine technologies coming to the fore. Then we’ll suggest some principles for executives operating in this new world. The picture we’re painting is of necessity impressionistic: next-shoring is still taking shape and no doubt will evolve in unexpected ways. What’s increasingly clear, though, is that the assumptions underlying its predecessor, offshoring, are giving way to something new.

Economic fundamentals
The case for next-shoring starts with the economic fundamentals of demand (since the importance of local factors is growing) and supply (as the dynamics of labor and energy costs evolve).

The importance of local demand factors

More than two-thirds of global manufacturing activity takes place in industries that tend to locate close to demand. This simple fact helps explain why manufacturing output and employment have recently risen—not only in Europe and North America, but also in emerging markets, such as China—since demand bottomed out during the recession following the financial crisis of 2008.

Regional demand looms large in sectors such as automobiles, machinery, food and beverages, and fabricated metals. In the United States, about 85 percent of the industrial rebound (half a million jobs since 2010) can be explained just by output growth in automobiles, machinery, and oil and gas—along with the linkages between these sectors and locally oriented suppliers of fabricated metals, rubber, and plastics (Exhibit 1).2 The automotive, machinery, and oil and gas industries consume nearly 80 percent of US metals output, for example.

Exhibit 1

In the recent US industrial rebound, about 85 percent of the job growth in manufacturing occurred in automobiles, machinery, and regional-supplier industries.

Enlarge

In China too, locally oriented manufacturers have contributed significantly to rising regional investment and employment. The country has, for example, emerged as the world’s largest market and producer for the automotive industry, and many rapidly growing manufacturing sectors there have deep ties to it. As automotive OEMs expand their capacity in emerging markets to serve regional demand, their suppliers have followed; the number of automotive-supplier plants in Asia has tripled in just the past decade.

The emerging markets’ share of global demand is steadily climbing, from roughly 40 percent in 2008 to an expected 66 percent by 2025 (Exhibit 2). As that share rises, it also is fragmenting into many product varieties, feature and quality levels, price points, service needs, and marketing channels. The regional, ethnic, income, and cultural diversity of markets such as Africa, Brazil, China, and India (where some local segments exceed the size of entire markets in developed nations) is raising the ante for meeting local demand. In the automobile industry, for example, fragmenting customer demand has led to a 30 to 50 percent increase in the number of models. Ninety percent of recent capital expenditures in the automotive sector have involved product derivatives worldwide and capacity expansions in new markets.

Exhibit 2

Emerging markets' share of global demand is expected to reach 66 percent by 2025.

Enlarge

The limits of labor-cost arbitrage

Surging local demand helps explain why rapid wage growth in China hasn’t choked off manufacturing expansion there. Wages have nearly doubled since 2008, partly as a result of domestic minimum-wage policies.3 (The country’s 2011 five-year plan called for 13 percent average annual minimum-wage increases, a rate some provinces have already exceeded.) True, in a few labor-intensive, trade-oriented industries, such as apparel production and consumer electronics, labor-cost changes do tend to tip the balance between different geographic regions; manufacturing employment in Bangladesh and Vietnam, for instance, has benefited from China’s wage surge, even as Chinese manufacturers are seeking to raise productivity.

But these are far from the only implications of rising wages. Just as Henry Ford’s $5 day helped create a new consuming class, so higher wages in China are increasing local demand, thus reinforcing the local-investment choices of OEMs and suppliers. At the same time, there is little evidence of a zero-sum game between China and advanced economies, such as the United States. Rather, the narrowing labor-cost gap reinforces the importance of local demand factors in driving manufacturing employment. Indeed, factor costs often have the greatest impact on location decisions within a region—for example, Airbus moving to Alabama instead of Texas or North Carolina. These costs interact with policy factors, such as infrastructure spending and tax incentives, to shape a region’s overall economic attractiveness.

The impact of energy costs

The price of natural gas in the United States has fallen by two-thirds as gas production from shale deposits rose by 50 percent annually since 2007. A narrow range of sectors—gas-intensive manufacturing, such as the production of petrochemicals, fertilizer, and steel—are benefiting most directly. Some downstream players in the energy value chain have begun shifting investments. Dow Chemical, BASF, and Methanex, for example, have announced plans for new US manufacturing capacity to take advantage of cheaper, abundant energy supplies.

These moves are important for such companies and subsectors; McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) research suggests that by 2020, lower-cost energy could boost US GDP by somewhere between $400 billion and $700 billion.4 But do they presage a dramatic rebalancing of global manufacturing activity? Electricity costs were already lower in the United States than in many countries, including China—which, along with others, also has opportunities to boost its own energy output through hydraulic fracturing. And fossil fuels aren’t the only area where the energy-supply picture is morphing.

Consider, for example, the potential impact of energy-storage technologies, especially lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells, which are becoming more capable and less costly. At the same time, the improving economics of renewable-energy production—particularly solar and wind power—offers manufacturers an expanding range of future supply options. In some developing regions where power grids are unreliable or nonexistent, factory complexes served by distributed solar power may be feasible. Distributed generation is also growing in combined heat–power (CHP) plants, which use heat created in the production process to run steam turbines and generate electricity locally.

None of these is a silver bullet today. But as advances continue over time, more and more companies may become able to ask themselves where they would place major strategic bets if the availability and price of energy were lesser concerns. That too will probably lead back to a focus on local demand patterns. Interestingly, the country representing the greatest source of future demand growth—China—also is actively stimulating the development of a range of new energy sources and storage technologies through a focus on new strategic industries in its five-year plans.5
Technology disruption ahead
Technology is affecting far more than energy dynamics. Advanced robotics, 3-D printers, and the large-scale digitization of operations are poised to alter fundamental assumptions about manufacturing costs and footprints.6 To derive value from these shifts, companies will have to make significant investments and ensure access to hubs of innovation, capable suppliers, and highly skilled workers.

Advanced robo
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2025 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: