Amidon and Houghton [116] discussed various methods of testing powdefl terjemahan - Amidon and Houghton [116] discussed various methods of testing powdefl Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Amidon and Houghton [116] discussed

Amidon and Houghton [116] discussed various methods of testing powdeflow. Some of these methods are angle of repose, flow through an orifice,compressibility index, shear cell, etc. No single method, however, can assess all parameters affecting the flow.
When a heap of powder is allowed to stand with only the gravitational force acting on it. the angle between the free surface of the static heap 811 the horizontal plane can achieve a certain maximum value for a given powde This angle is defined as the static angle of repose and is a common way of expressing flow characteristics of powders and granulations. For most pha
maceutical powders, the angle-of-repose values range from 25 to 45°, with lower values indicating better flow characteristics.
There are a number of ways to determine the angle of repose. The exact value of the measured angle depends on the method used. The value of the angle of repose determined from methods where the powder is pourei to form a heap is often distorted by the impact of the falling particles.
The method described by Pilpe1 [117] is particularly free of this distortion The apparatus used by Pilpel is shown in Figure 26. It consists of a con­tainer with a built-in platform. The container is first filled with the pow­der, which is then drained out from the bottom, leaving a cone on the platform. The angle of repose is then measured using a cathetometer.
The angle-of-repose measurement has some drawbacks as a predictor of powder flow in that it lacks sensitivity. For example, in a study reported by Amidon et al , [116], sodium chloride, spray-dried lactose, and Fast-Flolactose showed similar angles of repose, but their rates of flow through a 6-mm orifice were quite different. Therefore, the use of more than one method may be necessary for the adequate characterization of powder flow.
In general, acicular crystals (because of cross-bridging), materials with low density, and materials with a static charge exhibit poor flow. Grinding of acicular crystals generally results in an improvement in the flow. For other powders and granulations, incorporation of a lubricant or glidant helps alleviate the problem. For powders with poor flow. usually
a granulation step is suggested.
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Amidon and Houghton [116] discussed various methods of testing powdeflow. Some of these methods are angle of repose, flow through an orifice,compressibility index, shear cell, etc. No single method, however, can assess all parameters affecting the flow.
When a heap of powder is allowed to stand with only the gravitational force acting on it. the angle between the free surface of the static heap 811 the horizontal plane can achieve a certain maximum value for a given powde This angle is defined as the static angle of repose and is a common way of expressing flow characteristics of powders and granulations. For most pha
maceutical powders, the angle-of-repose values range from 25 to 45°, with lower values indicating better flow characteristics.
There are a number of ways to determine the angle of repose. The exact value of the measured angle depends on the method used. The value of the angle of repose determined from methods where the powder is pourei to form a heap is often distorted by the impact of the falling particles.
The method described by Pilpe1 [117] is particularly free of this distortion The apparatus used by Pilpel is shown in Figure 26. It consists of a con­tainer with a built-in platform. The container is first filled with the pow­der, which is then drained out from the bottom, leaving a cone on the platform. The angle of repose is then measured using a cathetometer.
The angle-of-repose measurement has some drawbacks as a predictor of powder flow in that it lacks sensitivity. For example, in a study reported by Amidon et al , [116], sodium chloride, spray-dried lactose, and Fast-Flolactose showed similar angles of repose, but their rates of flow through a 6-mm orifice were quite different. Therefore, the use of more than one method may be necessary for the adequate characterization of powder flow.
In general, acicular crystals (because of cross-bridging), materials with low density, and materials with a static charge exhibit poor flow. Grinding of acicular crystals generally results in an improvement in the flow. For other powders and granulations, incorporation of a lubricant or glidant helps alleviate the problem. For powders with poor flow. usually
a granulation step is suggested.
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Amidon dan Houghton [116] membahas berbagai metode pengujian powdeflow. Beberapa metode ini sudut diam, mengalir melalui sebuah lubang, indeks kompresibilitas, sel geser, dll Tidak ada metode tunggal, bagaimanapun, dapat menilai semua parameter yang mempengaruhi aliran.
Ketika tumpukan serbuk diperbolehkan untuk berdiri dengan hanya gaya gravitasi bertindak di atasnya. sudut antara permukaan bebas dari statis tumpukan 811 bidang horizontal dapat mencapai nilai maksimum tertentu untuk powde diberikan sudut ini didefinisikan sebagai sudut statis istirahat dan merupakan cara yang umum untuk mengekspresikan karakteristik aliran bubuk dan granulasi. Bagi kebanyakan pha
bubuk maceutical, sudut-of-istirahat nilai berkisar 25-45 °, dengan nilai yang lebih rendah menunjukkan karakteristik aliran yang lebih baik.
Ada beberapa cara untuk menentukan sudut diam. Nilai yang tepat dari sudut yang diukur tergantung pada metode yang digunakan. Nilai dari sudut diam ditentukan dari metode di mana bubuk tersebut pourei untuk membentuk tumpukan sering terdistorsi oleh dampak dari partikel jatuh.
Metode yang dijelaskan oleh Pilpe1 [117] sangat bebas dari distorsi ini Aparat digunakan oleh Pilpel adalah ditunjukkan pada Gambar 26. Ini terdiri dari wadah dengan platform built-in. Wadah pertama diisi dengan bubuk, yang kemudian dikeringkan keluar dari bawah, meninggalkan kerucut pada platform. Sudut istirahat kemudian diukur menggunakan cathetometer a.
Sudut-of-istirahat pengukuran memiliki beberapa kelemahan sebagai prediktor bubuk mengalir bahwa ia tidak memiliki kepekaan. Sebagai contoh, dalam sebuah studi yang dilaporkan oleh Amidon et al, [116], natrium klorida, semprot-kering laktosa, dan cepat-Flolactose menunjukkan sudut yang sama istirahat, tapi tarif mereka dari aliran melalui 6-mm lubang yang cukup berbeda. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan lebih dari satu metode mungkin diperlukan untuk karakterisasi yang memadai aliran bubuk.
Secara umum, kristal acicular (karena cross-bridging), bahan dengan kepadatan rendah, dan bahan-bahan dengan listrik statis menunjukkan aliran miskin. Grinding kristal acicular umumnya menghasilkan peningkatan aliran. Untuk bubuk dan granulasi lain, penggabungan pelumas atau glidant membantu mengatasi masalah. Untuk serbuk dengan aliran yang buruk. biasanya
langkah granulasi disarankan.
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