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The meaning of the four perspectives in Figure 3 are following:Financial PerspectiveThe financial perspective of the Balanced Scorecard describes the tangible outcomes of the strategy in traditional financial terms. Measures such as return on investment, shareholder value, profitability, revenue growth, and cost per unit are lag indicators that can be used to gauge the effectiveness of an organization’s strategyCustomer PerspectiveThe customer perspective defines the value proposition for targeted customers. It comprises a mix of core measures and performance drivers that allow organizations to measure value propositions they will deliver to chosen customers and market segments. Consistent alignment of actions and capabilities with the customer value proposition is the core of strategy execution.Business Process PerspectiveThe Business Process Perspective reflects internal business processes. The processes in the internal perspective create and deliver value proposition for customers. These are the processes which must be performed to achieve strategic goals. In developing the internal perspective, companies identify the processes that are most important for successful execution of pre-defined strategies. For example, companies that follow a product leadership strategy will focus on excellence in the innovation process while those following a low-cost strategy must focus on operational efficiency processes.Learning and GrowthThis perspective of the Balanced Scorecard strategy map describes the organization’s intangible assets and their role in strategy. These assets are further divided in three categories: Human capital, Information capital, and Organization capital.
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