Steps in the Delegation ProcessTo be successful, a manager must learn  terjemahan - Steps in the Delegation ProcessTo be successful, a manager must learn  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Steps in the Delegation ProcessTo b

Steps in the Delegation Process
To be successful, a manager must learn how to delegate.
No one can do everything alone.

THE DELEGATION PROCESS
Manager
Assign responsibility
Grant authority
Assign accountabilityFigure
Worker

centralized organization, on the other hand, systematically works to concentrate
authority at the upper levels. For example, many publishers of college-level textbooks are
centralized organizations, with authority concentrated at the top. Large organizations
may have characteristics of both decentralized and centralized organizations.
A number of factors can influence the extent to which a firm is decentralized.
One is the external environment in which the firm operates. The more complex and
unpredictable this environment, the more likely it is that top management will let
lower-level managers make important decisions. After all, lower-level managers are
closer to the problems. Another factor is the nature of the decision itself. The riskier or
more important the decision, the greater is the tendency to centralize decision making.
A third factor is the abilities of lower-level managers. If these managers do not have
strong decision-making skills, top managers will be reluctant to decentralize. And, in
contrast, strong lower-level decision-making skills encourage decentralization. Finally,
a firm that traditionally has practiced centralization or decentralization is likely to
maintain that posture in the future.
In principle, neither decentralization nor centralization is right or wrong. What
works for one organization may or may not work for another. Kmart Corporation
and McDonald’s are very successful—and both practice centralization. But decentralization
has worked very well for General Electric and Sears. Every organization must
assess its own situation and then choose the level of centralization or decentralization
that will work best.
The Span of Management
The fourth major step in organizing a business is establishing the span of
management (or span of control), which is the number of workers who report
directly to one manager. For hundreds of years, theorists have searched for an ideal
span of management. When it became apparent that there is no perfect number of
subordinates for a manager to supervise, they turned their attention to the general
issue of whether the span should be wide or narrow. This issue is complicated because
the span of management may change by department within the same organization.
A highly mechanized factory where all operations are standardized may allow for a
fairly wide span of management. An advertising agency, where new problems and
opportunities arise every day and where teamwork is a constant necessity, will have a
much narrower span of management
196

Wide and Narrow Spans of Management
A wide span of management exists when a manager has a larger
number of subordinates. A narrow span exists when the manager
has only a few subordinates. Several factors determine the span
that is better for a particular manager (see Figure 7.4). Generally,
the span of control may be wide when (1) the manager and the
subordinates are very competent, (2) the organization has a wellestablished
set of standard operating procedures, and (3) few new
problems are expected to arise. The span should be narrow when
(1) workers are physically located far from one another, (2) the
manager has much work to do in addition to supervising workers,
(3) a great deal of interaction is required between supervisor and
workers, and (4) new problems arise frequently.
Organizational Height
The span of management has an obvious impact on relations between
managers and workers. It has a more subtle but equally important
impact on the height of the organization. Organizational height
is the number of layers, or levels, of management in a firm. The
span of management plays a direct role in determining the height
of the organization (see Figure 7.4). If spans of management are wider, fewer levels
are needed, and the organization is flat. If spans of management generally are narrow,
more levels are needed, and the resulting organization is tall.
In a taller organization, administrative costs are higher because more managers
are needed. Communication among levels may become distorted because information
has to pass up and down through more people. When companies are cutting costs, one
option is to decrease organizational height in order to reduce related administrative
expenses. For example, when cosmetics provider Avon experienced declining sales, the
company began a series of long and extensive restructuring programs. The programs
focused on increasing efficiency and organizational effectiveness. The restructuring

The Span of Management
Several criteria determine whether a firm uses a wide span of management,
in which a number of workers report to one manager, or a narrow span, in which
a manager supervises only a few workers

WIDE SPAN
High level of competence in
managers and workers
Standard operating procedures
Few new problems --------------------- Flat organization
1
NARROW SPAN
Physical dispersion of subordinates
Manager has additional tasks
High level of interaction required
between manager and workers
High frequency of new problems----------------tall organization

197

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Steps in the Delegation ProcessTo be successful, a manager must learn how to delegate.No one can do everything alone.THE DELEGATION PROCESSManager Assign responsibilityGrant authorityAssign accountabilityFigure Workercentralized organization, on the other hand, systematically works to concentrateauthority at the upper levels. For example, many publishers of college-level textbooks arecentralized organizations, with authority concentrated at the top. Large organizationsmay have characteristics of both decentralized and centralized organizations.A number of factors can influence the extent to which a firm is decentralized.One is the external environment in which the firm operates. The more complex andunpredictable this environment, the more likely it is that top management will letlower-level managers make important decisions. After all, lower-level managers arecloser to the problems. Another factor is the nature of the decision itself. The riskier ormore important the decision, the greater is the tendency to centralize decision making.A third factor is the abilities of lower-level managers. If these managers do not havestrong decision-making skills, top managers will be reluctant to decentralize. And, incontrast, strong lower-level decision-making skills encourage decentralization. Finally,a firm that traditionally has practiced centralization or decentralization is likely tomaintain that posture in the future.In principle, neither decentralization nor centralization is right or wrong. Whatworks for one organization may or may not work for another. Kmart Corporationand McDonald’s are very successful—and both practice centralization. But decentralizationhas worked very well for General Electric and Sears. Every organization mustassess its own situation and then choose the level of centralization or decentralizationthat will work best.The Span of ManagementThe fourth major step in organizing a business is establishing the span ofmanagement (or span of control), which is the number of workers who reportdirectly to one manager. For hundreds of years, theorists have searched for an idealspan of management. When it became apparent that there is no perfect number ofsubordinates for a manager to supervise, they turned their attention to the generalissue of whether the span should be wide or narrow. This issue is complicated becausethe span of management may change by department within the same organization.A highly mechanized factory where all operations are standardized may allow for afairly wide span of management. An advertising agency, where new problems andopportunities arise every day and where teamwork is a constant necessity, will have amuch narrower span of management196Wide and Narrow Spans of ManagementA wide span of management exists when a manager has a largernumber of subordinates. A narrow span exists when the managerhas only a few subordinates. Several factors determine the spanthat is better for a particular manager (see Figure 7.4). Generally,the span of control may be wide when (1) the manager and thesubordinates are very competent, (2) the organization has a wellestablishedset of standard operating procedures, and (3) few newproblems are expected to arise. The span should be narrow when(1) workers are physically located far from one another, (2) themanager has much work to do in addition to supervising workers,(3) a great deal of interaction is required between supervisor andworkers, and (4) new problems arise frequently.Organizational HeightThe span of management has an obvious impact on relations betweenmanagers and workers. It has a more subtle but equally importantimpact on the height of the organization. Organizational heightis the number of layers, or levels, of management in a firm. Thespan of management plays a direct role in determining the heightof the organization (see Figure 7.4). If spans of management are wider, fewer levelsare needed, and the organization is flat. If spans of management generally are narrow,more levels are needed, and the resulting organization is tall.In a taller organization, administrative costs are higher because more managersare needed. Communication among levels may become distorted because informationhas to pass up and down through more people. When companies are cutting costs, oneoption is to decrease organizational height in order to reduce related administrativeexpenses. For example, when cosmetics provider Avon experienced declining sales, thecompany began a series of long and extensive restructuring programs. The programsfocused on increasing efficiency and organizational effectiveness. The restructuringThe Span of ManagementSeveral criteria determine whether a firm uses a wide span of management,in which a number of workers report to one manager, or a narrow span, in whicha manager supervises only a few workersWIDE SPANHigh level of competence inmanagers and workersStandard operating proceduresFew new problems --------------------- Flat organization1NARROW SPANPhysical dispersion of subordinatesManager has additional tasksHigh level of interaction requiredbetween manager and workersHigh frequency of new problems----------------tall organization197
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Langkah-langkah dalam Proses Delegasi
Untuk menjadi sukses, seorang manajer harus belajar bagaimana untuk mendelegasikan.
Tidak ada yang bisa melakukan segalanya sendiri. THE DELEGASI PROSES Manajer Menetapkan tanggung jawab otoritas Hibah Tetapkan accountabilityFigure Pekerja organisasi terpusat, di sisi lain, secara sistematis bekerja untuk berkonsentrasi otoritas di tingkat atas. Sebagai contoh, banyak penerbit buku pelajaran tingkat perguruan tinggi adalah organisasi terpusat, dengan otoritas terkonsentrasi di bagian atas. Organisasi besar mungkin memiliki karakteristik organisasi baik desentralisasi dan sentralisasi. Sejumlah faktor dapat mempengaruhi sejauh mana sebuah perusahaan adalah desentralisasi. Salah satunya adalah lingkungan eksternal di mana perusahaan beroperasi. Semakin kompleks dan tak terduga lingkungan ini, semakin besar kemungkinan itu adalah bahwa manajemen puncak akan membiarkan manajer tingkat yang lebih rendah membuat keputusan penting. Setelah semua, manajer tingkat yang lebih rendah lebih dekat dengan masalah. Faktor lain adalah sifat dari keputusan itu sendiri. The berisiko atau lebih penting keputusan, semakin besar kecenderungan untuk memusatkan pengambilan keputusan. Faktor ketiga adalah kemampuan manajer tingkat lebih rendah. Jika manajer tersebut tidak memiliki keterampilan membuat keputusan yang kuat, manajer puncak akan enggan untuk mendesentralisasikan. Dan, di kontras, tingkat rendah pengambilan keputusan keterampilan yang kuat mendorong desentralisasi. Akhirnya, sebuah perusahaan yang secara tradisional telah dipraktekkan sentralisasi atau desentralisasi cenderung mempertahankan bahwa postur di masa depan. Pada prinsipnya, tidak desentralisasi atau sentralisasi yang benar atau salah. Apa yang bekerja untuk satu organisasi mungkin atau mungkin tidak bekerja bagi orang lain. Kmart Perusahaan dan McDonald sangat sukses-dan kedua praktek sentralisasi. Tapi desentralisasi telah bekerja sangat baik bagi General Electric dan Sears. Setiap organisasi harus menilai situasi sendiri dan kemudian memilih tingkat sentralisasi atau desentralisasi yang akan bekerja terbaik. The Span of Management Langkah utama keempat dalam mengatur bisnis adalah membangun rentang manajemen (atau rentang kendali), yang merupakan nomor pekerja yang melaporkan langsung ke salah satu manajer. Selama ratusan tahun, teori telah mencari yang ideal rentang manajemen. Ketika menjadi jelas bahwa tidak ada angka sempurna dari bawahan untuk manajer untuk mengawasi, mereka mengalihkan perhatian mereka ke umum masalah apakah rentang harus lebar atau sempit. Masalah ini rumit karena rentang manajemen dapat berubah oleh departemen dalam organisasi yang sama. Sebuah pabrik sangat mekanis di mana semua operasi standar memungkinkan untuk rentang yang cukup lebar dari manajemen. Sebuah biro iklan, di mana masalah baru dan peluang muncul setiap hari dan di mana kerja sama tim merupakan kebutuhan konstan, akan memiliki rentang yang jauh lebih sempit dari manajemen 196 Rentang Lebar dan sempit Manajemen Sebuah rentang yang luas dari manajemen ada ketika seorang manajer memiliki lebih besar jumlah bawahan . Sebuah rentang yang sempit ada ketika manajer hanya memiliki beberapa bawahan. Beberapa faktor menentukan rentang yang lebih baik bagi seorang manajer tertentu (lihat Gambar 7.4). Umumnya, rentang kendali mungkin lebar ketika (1) manajer dan bawahan yang sangat kompeten, (2) organisasi memiliki wellestablished set prosedur operasi standar, dan (3) beberapa baru masalah diharapkan timbul. Rentang harus sempit ketika (1) pekerja secara fisik berada jauh dari satu sama lain, (2) manajer memiliki banyak pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan selain mengawasi pekerja, (3) banyak interaksi diperlukan antara atasan dan pekerja, dan (4) masalah baru sering muncul. Organisasi Tinggi Rentang manajemen memiliki dampak yang jelas pada hubungan antara manajer dan pekerja. Memiliki lebih halus tetapi sama pentingnya dampak pada ketinggian organisasi. Tinggi organisasi adalah jumlah lapisan, atau tingkat, manajemen dalam suatu perusahaan. The rentang manajemen memainkan peran langsung dalam menentukan tinggi dari organisasi (lihat Gambar 7.4). Jika bentang manajemen yang lebih luas, tingkat lebih sedikit dibutuhkan, dan organisasi datar. Jika rentang manajemen umumnya sempit, tingkat lebih dibutuhkan, dan organisasi yang dihasilkan tinggi. Dalam organisasi lebih tinggi, biaya administrasi yang lebih tinggi karena lebih banyak manajer yang diperlukan. Komunikasi antara tingkat dapat menjadi terdistorsi karena informasi harus melewati atas dan ke bawah melalui banyak orang. Ketika perusahaan memotong biaya, salah satu pilihan adalah untuk mengurangi ketinggian organisasi dalam rangka mengurangi administrasi terkait biaya. Misalnya, ketika penyedia kosmetik Avon mengalami penurunan penjualan, perusahaan memulai serangkaian program restrukturisasi panjang dan luas. Program difokuskan pada peningkatan efisiensi dan efektivitas organisasi. The restrukturisasi yang Span of Management Beberapa kriteria menentukan apakah suatu perusahaan menggunakan rentang lebar manajemen, di mana sejumlah pekerja melaporkan kepada satu manajer, atau rentang sempit, di mana manajer mengawasi hanya beberapa pekerja WIDE SPAN tingkat tinggi kompetensi di manajer dan pekerja prosedur operasi standar Beberapa masalah baru --------------------- organisasi datar 1 SEMPIT SPAN dispersi fisik dari bawahan Manager telah tugas tambahan tingkat tinggi interaksi yang diperlukan antara Manajer dan pekerja frekuensi tinggi dari masalah baru ---------------- organisasi tinggi 197





























































































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