CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 The nature of Writing
Wikipedia states that writing is a medium of communication that represents language though the inscription of signs and symbols. According to Tarigan (1985:5) writing is productive skills for writing on indirect communication and the nature of the character is very different from that expressed by speaking directly, therefor writing is included an ability, according to Harmer (2001:79) writing is from of communication to deliver throught or to express feeling through written form. So, writing is an inderect communication to deliver through or to express feeling through writen form.
Writing is important skill in study English for all level. It has many purposes such as to improve the students vocabulary, to improve the students grammatical, etc. Writing is more difficult rather than the other language skills because it needs well knowledge and hard thinking when they are produce words, sentences and paragraphs with a good grammatical.
Jeremy (2001) says written text has a number of conventions which separate it out from speaking. Apart from differences in Grammar and Vocabulary, there are issues of letter, word, and text formation, manifested by handwriting, spelling, and layout and punctuation. It means writing more difficult than speaking. Because in writing there many part of writing that must be mastered by the students. Then, Alice (1991) state that Writing is not easy. It takes study and practice to develop this skill. For both native speakers and new learners of English, it is important to note that writing is a process, not a product.
Based on explanation above the researcher conclude that writing is kind of difficult skill to learn English. It is difficult because many steps or part that must be masteren of the students to write something such as: grammatical, content, and ideas. But writing should easy to the students if they understand what are they learn about writing.
2.1.1 The Process of Writing
John (2003) stated on his book that there are four bases in writing an effective paper: unity, support, coherence, and sentence skills.
a. Unity
To achieve unity is to have all the details in your paper related to your thesis and to your three supporting topic sentences. Each time you think of something to put into your paper, ask yourself whether it relates to your thesis and your supporting points.
b. Support
After realizing the importance of specific supporting details, all your papers should include such vivid details.
c. Coherence
All the supporting ideas and sentences in a paper must be organized so that they cohere. Key techniques for tying together the material in a paper include a clear method of organization (such as time order or emphatic order), transitions, and other connecting words.
d. Sentence Skills
Here are the examples of sentence-skills mistakes: quotation marks, capitalization, singular-plural, parallelism, sentence fragment, misspelled, tenses, apostrophe, etc.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher conclude the process of writing are: unity, support, coherence and sentence skill.
2.1.2 The Component of Writing
Writing text has some rules that must the writer know before begin to write something. If the writer know about it, their written should be a good sentence or text, the rules in writing is namely the component of writing.
According to Brown and Bailey (1984), there are five components that should be considered in writing:
(1) Content
Content means how the subtance of the writing and idea expressed by the writer.
(2) Grmmar
Grmmar is the employment of grammatical forms and syntactic pattern.
(3) Organization
Organization means how is the structure of paragrafh can be made.
(4) Vocabulary
Vocabuary is how the writer chooses appropriate and varied words in his or her writing.
(5) Mechanics
Mechanics according to Brown & Bailey (1984) is the usage of capitalization, punctuation and spelling
2.2 Grammatical
James (2004) stated in his book Assesing Grammar: “Grammar is defined as a systematic way accounting for a predicting an ideal speaker’s or hearer’s knowledge of the language. This is done by a set of rules or principles that can be used to generate all well-formed or grammatical utterances in the language.”
Penny (1996) said that: “Grammar is sometimes defined as the way words are put together to make correct sentences”. This is, as we shall see presently, an over-simplification, but it is good starting point. Thus in English “I am a student” is grammatical; “I a student” and “I are a student” are not.
2.2.1 Grammatical structures
A specific instance of grammar is usually called a “structure”. Examples of structures would be the past tense, noun plurals, the comparison of adjectives, and so on. Not all languages, of course, have the same structures: the English verb has “aspects” for example in progressive: she is going, which many other languages do not
2.2.2 Grammatical Meaning
Grammar does not only affect how units of language are combined in order to look right; it also affects their meaning.The meaning of a grammatical structure may be quite difficult to teach.
It is fairly simple to explain that the addition of a plural –s to the noun in English indicates that you are talking about more than one item, and there are parallels in other language. But how would you explain to the foreigner when to use the present perfect (I have gone) in English, and when the simple past (I went)? If you are grammarian or an experienced English language teacher, you may have the answer at your fingertips; but most English speakers who have not previously studied this question will have to stop and think, and may find it difficult to answer.
2.3 Recount Text
According to Rohim (2005: 9-10) Recount is to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining. It consists of orientation, events, and re-orientation. Orientation provides the setting and introduces participants, events tell what happened, and in what sequence and re-orientation is optional-closure of events. It also focuses on specific participants, use of material processes, its circumstances of time and place, and use of the past tense.
Derewianka (1990: 14-15) states that in a recount we reconstruct past experiences. A recount is the unfolding of a sequence of events overtime and use language to keep the past a live and help to interpret experience. The purpose is to tell what happened.
Moreover, recounts ‘tell what happened’. The purpose of a factual recount is to document a series of events and evaluate their significance in some way. The purpose of the literacy or story recount is to tell a sequence of events so that it entertains. The story recount has expressions of attitude and feeling, usually made by the narrator about the events.
The purpose of recount text is to reconstructs past experience by retelling about the events in order in which they have occurred. It has generic structure such as: first, orientation-background information about whom, where and when, then, series of events in chronological order and a personal comment.
In conclusion, the purpose of a recount is to list and describe past experiences by retelling events in the order in which they happened. And recounts are written to retell events with the purpose of either informing or entertaining their audience. It also focuses on individual participants or events.
2.3.1 Generic Structures of Recount Text
According to Gerot and Wignell, (2004) the generic structure in recount consist of orientation, events, and re-orientation. Orientation provides the setting and introduces participants, events tell what happened, and in what sequence and re-orientation is optional-closure of events.
From discussion above, it can be concluded that recounts begin by telling the reader who was involved, what happened, where this events took place, and when it happened that is called orientation. Then, retelling the sequence of events is then described in chronological order and they’re maybe a re-orientation at the end, which summarizes the events. So, generic structure is the structures or points, which build the entire text.
2.3.2 Language Features of Recount Text
According to Rohim (2005:2) the language features of recount consist of focus on specific participants, use of material processes, circumstance of time and place, use of past tense and focus on temporal sequence.
From discussion above, when writing recount, it has to focus on individual people. Then, use the words that indicate when and where the events took place. After that, it is written in the past tense.
2.3.3 The Example of Recount Text
Based on the explanation above, the researcher brought up an example of recount text as follows:
Example of Recount text.
My Adventure at Leang Cave
Orientation: On Sunday, my parents, my best friend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang. It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet; my best friend came to visit it with me!
Event 1: The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings were turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kitchen trash.
Event 2
The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left over‘s in their ‘kitchen’. The las
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