Why Countries Form FTAs Countries form free trade areas for a number o terjemahan - Why Countries Form FTAs Countries form free trade areas for a number o Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Why Countries Form FTAs Countries f

Why Countries Form FTAs
Countries form free trade areas for a number of economic and political reasons. Most basically,
by eliminating tariffs and some nontariff barriers, FTAs permit the products of FTA partners
easier access to one another’s markets. The 1989 FTA between the United States and Canada was
formed arguably for this purpose. Developed countries have also formed FTAs with developing
countries to encourage them toward trade and investment liberalization.
FTAs may be used to protect local exporters from losing out to foreign companies that might
receive preferential treatment under other FTAs. For example, some supporters of the U.S.-Chile
FTA argued that U.S. firms were at a disadvantage vis-à-vis their Canadian competitors whose
exports face no Chilean tariffs under the Canada-Chile FTA. Slow progress in multilateral
negotiations has been another impetus for FTAs. For example, when the 1986-1994 Uruguay
Round negotiations got bogged down, the impetus for the United States, Mexico, and Canada to
form NAFTA seemed to increase. Arguably, the surge in FTA formation worldwide in the past
few years has been a result of the difficulties encountered in launching and implementing the
Doha Development Agenda round of negotiations in the WTO.
Political considerations are also a motivation to form FTAs. The United States formed FTAs with
Israel and with Jordan to reaffirm American support of those countries and to strengthen relations
with them.
FTAs in the Context of U.S. Trade Policy
Post-World War II trade policy under various presidential administrations has had several
interrelated objectives. One has been to secure open markets for U.S. exports. A second has been
to protect domestic producers from foreign unfair trade practices and from rapid surges in fairly
traded imports. A third has been to control trade for foreign policy and national security reasons.
A fourth objective has been to help foster global trade to promote world economic growth.
In fulfilling these objectives, U.S. political leaders have formed and conducted trade policy along
three tracks. One track has been the use of multilateral negotiations to establish and develop a
rules-based trading system. The United States was a major player in the development and signing
of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. It was a leader in nine rounds of
negotiations that have expanded the coverage of GATT and that led to the establishment in 1995
of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the body that administers the GATT and other
multilateral trade agreements. The United States has continued this approach as a leader in the
latest round—the Doha Development Agenda (DDA).
U.S. policy makers have used a second track, which can be labeled the “unilateral” track. Under
this approach, the United States threatens retaliation, usually in the form of restricting trade
partners’ access to the vast U.S. market, in order to get the partner to open its markets to U.S.
exports or to cease other offensive commercial practices and policies. The United States has
employed this approach primarily against foreign practices not covered by GATT/WTO rules or
because the multilateral dispute settlement process proved too slow and ineffective to meet U.S.
needs. For several decades, especially in the 1970s and 1980s, the United States conducted its
trade policy with Japan “unilaterally” to get Japan to amend domestic laws, regulations, and
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Why Countries Form FTAs Countries form free trade areas for a number of economic and political reasons. Most basically, by eliminating tariffs and some nontariff barriers, FTAs permit the products of FTA partners easier access to one another’s markets. The 1989 FTA between the United States and Canada was formed arguably for this purpose. Developed countries have also formed FTAs with developing countries to encourage them toward trade and investment liberalization. FTAs may be used to protect local exporters from losing out to foreign companies that might receive preferential treatment under other FTAs. For example, some supporters of the U.S.-Chile FTA argued that U.S. firms were at a disadvantage vis-à-vis their Canadian competitors whose exports face no Chilean tariffs under the Canada-Chile FTA. Slow progress in multilateral negotiations has been another impetus for FTAs. For example, when the 1986-1994 Uruguay Round negotiations got bogged down, the impetus for the United States, Mexico, and Canada to form NAFTA seemed to increase. Arguably, the surge in FTA formation worldwide in the past few years has been a result of the difficulties encountered in launching and implementing the Doha Development Agenda round of negotiations in the WTO. Political considerations are also a motivation to form FTAs. The United States formed FTAs with Israel and with Jordan to reaffirm American support of those countries and to strengthen relations with them.
FTAs in the Context of U.S. Trade Policy
Post-World War II trade policy under various presidential administrations has had several
interrelated objectives. One has been to secure open markets for U.S. exports. A second has been
to protect domestic producers from foreign unfair trade practices and from rapid surges in fairly
traded imports. A third has been to control trade for foreign policy and national security reasons.
A fourth objective has been to help foster global trade to promote world economic growth.
In fulfilling these objectives, U.S. political leaders have formed and conducted trade policy along
three tracks. One track has been the use of multilateral negotiations to establish and develop a
rules-based trading system. The United States was a major player in the development and signing
of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. It was a leader in nine rounds of
negotiations that have expanded the coverage of GATT and that led to the establishment in 1995
of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the body that administers the GATT and other
multilateral trade agreements. The United States has continued this approach as a leader in the
latest round—the Doha Development Agenda (DDA).
U.S. policy makers have used a second track, which can be labeled the “unilateral” track. Under
this approach, the United States threatens retaliation, usually in the form of restricting trade
partners’ access to the vast U.S. market, in order to get the partner to open its markets to U.S.
exports or to cease other offensive commercial practices and policies. The United States has
employed this approach primarily against foreign practices not covered by GATT/WTO rules or
because the multilateral dispute settlement process proved too slow and ineffective to meet U.S.
needs. For several decades, especially in the 1970s and 1980s, the United States conducted its
trade policy with Japan “unilaterally” to get Japan to amend domestic laws, regulations, and
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Mengapa Negara Form FTA
Negara membentuk daerah perdagangan bebas untuk sejumlah alasan ekonomi dan politik. Kebanyakan pada dasarnya,
dengan menghilangkan tarif dan beberapa hambatan nontarif, FTA memungkinkan produk dari FTA mitra
akses yang lebih mudah ke pasar satu sama lain. 1989 FTA antara Amerika Serikat dan Kanada telah
dibentuk bisa dibilang untuk tujuan ini. Negara-negara maju juga telah membentuk FTA dengan mengembangkan
negara untuk mendorong mereka ke arah liberalisasi perdagangan dan investasi.
FTA dapat digunakan untuk melindungi eksportir lokal dari kalah dari perusahaan asing yang mungkin
menerima perlakuan istimewa di bawah FTA lainnya. Sebagai contoh, beberapa pendukung AS-Chili
FTA berpendapat bahwa perusahaan-perusahaan AS pada kerugian vis-à-vis pesaing Kanada mereka yang
ekspor tidak menghadapi tarif Chili di bawah FTA Kanada-Chile. Lambatnya kemajuan dalam multilateral
negosiasi telah dorongan lain untuk FTA. Sebagai contoh, ketika 1986-1994 Uruguay
negosiasi Putaran mendapat macet, dorongan untuk Amerika Serikat, Meksiko, dan Kanada untuk
membentuk NAFTA tampaknya meningkat. Diperdebatkan, lonjakan pembentukan FTA seluruh dunia di masa lalu
beberapa tahun telah menjadi hasil dari kesulitan yang dihadapi dalam meluncurkan dan melaksanakan
putaran Doha Development Agenda perundingan di WTO.
Pertimbangan politik juga merupakan motivasi untuk membentuk FTA. FTA Amerika Serikat dibentuk dengan
Israel dan dengan Jordan menegaskan kembali dukungan Amerika dari negara-negara dan untuk memperkuat hubungan
dengan mereka.
FTA dalam Konteks US Trade Policy
kebijakan perdagangan Pasca Perang Dunia II di bawah berbagai pemerintahan presiden memiliki beberapa
tujuan yang saling berkaitan. Satu telah untuk mengamankan pasar terbuka untuk ekspor AS. Kedua telah
melindungi produsen dalam negeri dari praktek-praktek perdagangan yang tidak adil asing dan dari lonjakan cepat dalam cukup
impor yang diperdagangkan. Yang ketiga telah mengendalikan perdagangan untuk kebijakan luar negeri dan alasan keamanan nasional.
Sebuah Tujuan keempat telah membantu mendorong perdagangan global untuk mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi dunia.
Dalam memenuhi tujuan tersebut, US pemimpin politik telah terbentuk dan melakukan kebijakan perdagangan bersama
tiga lagu. Satu lagu telah penggunaan negosiasi multilateral untuk membangun dan mengembangkan
sistem perdagangan berbasis aturan. Amerika Serikat adalah pemain utama dalam pengembangan dan penandatanganan
dari GATT (GATT) pada tahun 1947. Itu adalah pemimpin dalam sembilan putaran
perundingan yang telah memperluas cakupan GATT dan yang menyebabkan pembentukan pada tahun 1995
Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO), badan yang mengelola GATT dan lain
perjanjian perdagangan multilateral. Amerika Serikat terus pendekatan ini sebagai pemimpin di
babak-Doha Development Agenda (DDA). Terbaru
pembuat kebijakan AS telah menggunakan jalur kedua, yang dapat diberi label "sepihak" track. Dalam
pendekatan ini, Amerika Serikat mengancam pembalasan, biasanya dalam bentuk membatasi perdagangan
akses mitra ke pasar AS yang luas, dalam rangka untuk mendapatkan mitra untuk membuka pasar untuk US
ekspor atau untuk menghentikan praktek-praktek komersial ofensif lainnya dan kebijakan. Amerika Serikat telah
menggunakan pendekatan ini terutama terhadap praktik asing yang tidak tercakup oleh aturan GATT / WTO atau
karena proses penyelesaian sengketa multilateral terbukti terlalu lambat dan tidak efektif untuk memenuhi US
kebutuhan. Selama beberapa dekade, terutama di tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an, Amerika Serikat dilakukan pada
kebijakan perdagangan dengan Jepang "secara sepihak" untuk mendapatkan Jepang untuk mengubah undang-undang domestik, peraturan, dan
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