Non-adherence to well-prescribed psychiatric medicationscompromises th terjemahan - Non-adherence to well-prescribed psychiatric medicationscompromises th Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Non-adherence to well-prescribed ps

Non-adherence to well-prescribed psychiatric medications
compromises the effectiveness of available treatments
and has been associated with poor treatment outcomes such
as increased risk of relapse and recurrence as well as higher
health-care costs (Geddes, Carney, & Davies, 2003; Velligan
et al., 2009, 2010). At present, the extent to which patients
follow psychiatric advice is a major concern and an important
challenge to the practice of psychiatry. In fact, rates of
non-adherence to medication in psychiatric patients range
between 28 and 52% in patients with major depressive disorder,
20 and 50% in patients with bipolar disorder, and 20
and 72% in patients with schizophrenia (Julius, Novitsky, &
Dubin, 2009).
Currently, there is no ‘gold standard’ measure of medication
adherence, given that all the measures available
have their limitations (Osterberg & Blaschke, 2005). Nonadherence
can be measured directly or indirectly. Direct
methods of assessing medication non-adherence detect the
presence of the drug in a patient’s body using assays for the
drug, drug metabolites, or other markers in urine, blood, or
other bodily fluids. However, such methods are rarely used
because of their high cost and inability to provide feedback
at the point of care (Voils, Hoyle, Thorpe, Maciejewski, &
Yancy, 2011). Moreover, their results can be influenced by
factors other than adherence such as drug or food interactions,
physiological variability, dosing schedules, and the
half-life of drugs (Roberts & Turner, 1988; Smith, Psaty,
Heckbert, Tracy, & Cornell, 1999). Indirect methods measure
medication non-adherence by analyzing behavior. They
include electronic drug monitoring, pill counts, pharmacy
refills, medical record review, directly observed therapy,
clinician assessment, and self-reports. The poor availability
and high cost of electronic monitoring of dosing schedules
limit the feasibility of this method (Choo et al., 1999). As
regards pill counts, prescriptions may be filled some time
before needed and patients may not accurately recall the
date medications were started; drugs may not be stored
in their original containers and/or tablets from other bottles
may be added to the new container (Shelly, Vik, &
Maxwell, 2005). Although self-reports carry a potential risk
of misstatements or response biases, they provide a reasonably
accurate estimate of adherence (Osterberg & Blaschke,
2005). Self-reports have the following advantages: they are
brief, inexpensive, and applicable in various settings. In
addition, they can provide immediate feedback at the point
of care and reveal underlying issues that contribute to nonadherence
(Voils et al., 2011).
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Non-adherence to well-prescribed psychiatric medicationscompromises the effectiveness of available treatmentsand has been associated with poor treatment outcomes suchas increased risk of relapse and recurrence as well as higherhealth-care costs (Geddes, Carney, & Davies, 2003; Velliganet al., 2009, 2010). At present, the extent to which patientsfollow psychiatric advice is a major concern and an importantchallenge to the practice of psychiatry. In fact, rates ofnon-adherence to medication in psychiatric patients rangebetween 28 and 52% in patients with major depressive disorder,20 and 50% in patients with bipolar disorder, and 20and 72% in patients with schizophrenia (Julius, Novitsky, &Dubin, 2009).Currently, there is no ‘gold standard’ measure of medicationadherence, given that all the measures availablehave their limitations (Osterberg & Blaschke, 2005). Nonadherencecan be measured directly or indirectly. Directmethods of assessing medication non-adherence detect thepresence of the drug in a patient’s body using assays for thedrug, drug metabolites, or other markers in urine, blood, orother bodily fluids. However, such methods are rarely usedbecause of their high cost and inability to provide feedbackat the point of care (Voils, Hoyle, Thorpe, Maciejewski, &Yancy, 2011). Moreover, their results can be influenced byfactors other than adherence such as drug or food interactions,physiological variability, dosing schedules, and thehalf-life of drugs (Roberts & Turner, 1988; Smith, Psaty,Heckbert, Tracy, & Cornell, 1999). Indirect methods measuremedication non-adherence by analyzing behavior. Theyinclude electronic drug monitoring, pill counts, pharmacyrefills, medical record review, directly observed therapy,clinician assessment, and self-reports. The poor availabilityand high cost of electronic monitoring of dosing scheduleslimit the feasibility of this method (Choo et al., 1999). Asregards pill counts, prescriptions may be filled some timebefore needed and patients may not accurately recall thedate medications were started; drugs may not be storedin their original containers and/or tablets from other bottlesmay be added to the new container (Shelly, Vik, &Maxwell, 2005). Although self-reports carry a potential riskof misstatements or response biases, they provide a reasonablyaccurate estimate of adherence (Osterberg & Blaschke,2005). Self-reports have the following advantages: they arebrief, inexpensive, and applicable in various settings. Inaddition, they can provide immediate feedback at the pointof care and reveal underlying issues that contribute to nonadherence(Voils et al., 2011).
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Ketidakpatuhan terhadap obat psikiatri yang diresepkan
kompromi efektivitas perawatan yang tersedia
dan telah dikaitkan dengan hasil pengobatan yang buruk seperti
sebagai peningkatan risiko kekambuhan dan kekambuhan serta tinggi
biaya perawatan kesehatan (Geddes, Carney, & Davies, 2003; Velligan
et al., 2009, 2010). Saat ini, sejauh mana pasien
mengikuti saran kejiwaan merupakan perhatian utama dan penting
tantangan untuk praktek psikiatri. Bahkan, tingkat
non-kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan pada pasien jiwa berkisar
antara 28 dan 52% pada pasien dengan gangguan depresi mayor,
20 dan 50% pada pasien dengan gangguan bipolar, dan 20
dan 72% pada pasien dengan skizofrenia (Julius, Novitsky, &
Dubin, 2009).
Saat ini, tidak ada 'standar emas' ukuran obat
kepatuhan, mengingat bahwa semua tindakan yang tersedia
memiliki keterbatasan mereka (Osterberg & Blaschke, 2005). Ketidakpatuhan
dapat diukur secara langsung atau tidak langsung. Langsung
metode menilai obat non-kepatuhan mendeteksi
keberadaan obat dalam tubuh menggunakan tes pasien untuk
obat, metabolit obat, atau penanda lainnya dalam urin, darah, atau
cairan tubuh lainnya. Namun, metode tersebut jarang digunakan
karena biaya tinggi dan ketidakmampuan untuk memberikan umpan balik
pada titik perawatan (Voils, Hoyle, Thorpe, Maciejewski, &
Yancy, 2011). Selain itu, hasil mereka dapat dipengaruhi oleh
faktor-faktor lain selain kepatuhan seperti obat atau makanan interaksi,
variabilitas fisiologis, jadwal dosis, dan
paruh obat (Roberts & Turner, 1988; Smith, Psaty,
Heckbert, Tracy, & Cornell, 1999). Tidak langsung metode mengukur
obat non-kepatuhan dengan menganalisis perilaku. Mereka
termasuk pemantauan elektronik obat, jumlah pil, farmasi
isi ulang, review rekam medis, terapi diamati secara langsung,
penilaian dokter, dan laporan diri. Ketersediaan miskin
dan tingginya biaya pemantauan elektronik jadwal pemberian dosis
membatasi kelayakan metode ini (Choo et al., 1999). Sebagai
salam jumlah pil, resep dapat diisi beberapa waktu
sebelum dibutuhkan dan pasien mungkin tidak akurat mengingat
obat tanggal dimulai; obat tidak dapat disimpan
dalam wadah dan / atau tablet dari botol lain asli mereka
dapat ditambahkan ke wadah baru (Shelly, Vik, &
Maxwell, 2005). Meskipun laporan diri membawa potensi risiko
dari salah saji atau bias respon, mereka menyediakan cukup
perkiraan yang akurat dari kepatuhan (Osterberg & Blaschke,
2005). Laporan diri memiliki keuntungan sebagai berikut: mereka
singkat, murah, dan berlaku di berbagai pengaturan. Di
samping itu, mereka dapat memberikan umpan balik langsung pada titik
perawatan dan mengungkapkan masalah mendasar yang berkontribusi terhadap ketidakpatuhan
(Voils et al., 2011).
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