4.5 ConstraintsWeather and sea conditionsThe Centurion, located adjace terjemahan - 4.5 ConstraintsWeather and sea conditionsThe Centurion, located adjace Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

4.5 ConstraintsWeather and sea cond

4.5 Constraints
Weather and sea conditions
The Centurion, located adjacent to the Sydney Heads is exposed to all sea and swell activity from the south to south-east. At times, heavy rollers sweep across the site making diving conditions turbulent and visibility poor.
Generally winter westerly winds produce the best diving conditions for the site. Periods of heavy rain, run off from the harbour shore, and particularly from the Parramatta River, can significantly reduce visibility. During the present diving operations, visibility variations ranged from 0.5 metres to 30 metres+. The site is also subject to variations in water density with haloclines visible when surface rainfall layers overlay denser saline waters.

Diving Operations
The Centurion lies at an average depth of 19 metres. At this depth, it is accessible by the majority of recreation divers.
The current survey operations were undertaken within the Workplace diving regulations administered by NSW Workcover Authority. These require commercially trained divers to operate under the Australian Standard AS2299 training code using the approved DCIEM air tables. Each diver conducted one (1) to two (2) dives per day, the first of 30 minutes duration, with a 1 1/2 hour surface interval, and the successive dive limited to 25 minutes.
In order to undertake substantive site measurements and photography, a number of return visits were made to the site. Divers were tethered to the surface for the majority of dives, with surface support comprising boat crew, standby diver, diver supervisor and dive tender.

Vessel traffic
The Centurion wreck is located close to the Sydney Harbour ferry routes between Circular Quay and Manly Wharf. As such, boat anchoring and diving operations required contact with the Harbour Master in order to advise vessels of the survey operations.
The survey team noted illegal motor boat traffic within the 100-metre exclusion zone around its displayed dive flag (blue and white) on several occasions. This activity signifies a degree of unfamiliarity with current boat rules by some small boat users and is a factor to be considered by dive visitors to the site.

Past activity at the site
As detailed below, early diving activity at the Centurion wreck site has resulted in some site disturbance and an unknown level of artefact removal. This activity has had an impact on the full archaeological potential of the site.

Non-disturbance archaeological survey
The 2003-2004 survey operations were undertaken as a standard 'non-disturbance' archaeological exercise. Only exposed and therefore visible portions of the wreck site were mapped and recorded. At no stage was the overburden of protective sand removed from any portion of the site. The depth and complexity of buried portions of the hull and fittings was not explored, other than through a limited probe survey.
This approach avoided direct disturbance of archaeological materials as well as associated accelerated deterioration. It has retained relics, large and small, from their original context and retained the research potential of the site. A survey that involved recovery of artefacts would require approval of an archaeological permit under s139 of the NSW Heritage Act 1977. It would also require a tight network of control points to measure and track shipwreck and artefact associations, substantial conservation and laboratory support, archaeological supervision, and provision of ongoing storage, identification, research and display.
The 'non-disturbance' approach used by the Heritage Office has advanced the protection of the site while allowing quite complex evaluations to be made. In the event that site conditions do change and new parts of the site are exposed an extension of survey operations can be undertaken.

Research
Available research sources included newspaper clippings held by significant repositories such as the Mitchell Library in Sydney. In terms of the vessel, primary source data was located in registry records such as the Lloyds Register of British Shipping and personal family archives maintained by the Donald Family in Aberdeen, Scotland (summaries of much of this information is available the Heritage Office’s Maritime Heritage Online web site http://maritime.heritage.nsw.gov.au). Pictorial material was restricted to a single etching as published in a contemporary Sydney paper, a copy of a painting also held by the Donald family, and copies of original building plans. Generally it can be noted that relatively few historical documents survive through which to interpret the history of the site.
Hence, the physical record of Centurion as it exists on the seafloor, is extremely important as a record of the vessel’s construction and fitting-out.



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4.5 kendalaKondisi cuaca dan lautCenturion, terletak berdekatan dengan kepala Sydney terkena semua aktivitas laut dan membengkak dari Selatan ke Tenggara. Kadang-kadang, berat rol menyapu di seluruh situs membuat menyelam kondisi bergolak dan visibilitas miskin.Umumnya angin Barat angin musim dingin menghasilkan kondisi menyelam terbaik untuk situs. Periode hujan deras, kabur dari tepi pelabuhan, dan terutama dari Sungai Parramatta, dapat secara signifikan mengurangi visibilitas. Selama masa kini menyelam operasi, visibilitas variasi berkisar dari 0,5 meter hingga 30 meter +. Situs ini juga tunduk pada variasi dalam kepadatan air dengan haloclines terlihat ketika curah hujan permukaan lapisan overlay padat Salin perairan.Operasi MenyelamKepala pasukan terletak pada kedalaman rata-rata 19 meter. Pada tingkatan ini, ini dapat diakses oleh mayoritas rekreasi penyelam.Survei operasi yang saat ini telah dilakukan dalam peraturan menyelam tempat kerja yang dikelola oleh otoritas Workcover NSW. Ini memerlukan secara komersial terlatih penyelam untuk beroperasi di bawah kode pelatihan Australia AS2299 standar menggunakan tabel udara DCIEM disetujui. Setiap penyelam dilakukan 1 (satu) untuk dua (2) kali menyelam perhari, yang pertama dari selama 30 menit, dengan 1 1/2 jam interval permukaan, dan menyelam berturut-turut terbatas 25 menit. Untuk melakukan pengukuran substantif situs dan fotografi, jumlah kunjungan kembali dibuat ke situs. Penyelam yang diikat ke permukaan untuk mayoritas penyelaman, dengan dukungan permukaan yang terdiri dari awak perahu, siaga penyelam, penyelam pengawas dan menyelam yang lembut.Lalu lintas kapalBangkai Centurion terletak dekat dengan rute feri Sydney Harbour antara Circular Quay dan Manly Wharf. Dengan demikian, perahu penahan dan menyelam operasi diperlukan kontak dengan Harbour Master untuk menyarankan kapal survei operasi.Tim survei mencatat lalu lintas kapal motor ilegal dalam zona pengecualian 100 meter di sekitar bendera ditampilkan menyelam (biru dan putih) pada beberapa kesempatan. Kegiatan ini menandakan tingkat pahaman dengan aturan perahu saat ini oleh beberapa pengguna perahu kecil dan merupakan faktor untuk dipertimbangkan oleh menyelam pengunjung ke situs.Melewati aktivitas di situsRincian sebagai berikut, awal kegiatan menyelam di tempat bangkai Centurion telah menghasilkan beberapa situs gangguan dan tingkat penghapusan artefak yang tidak diketahui. Kegiatan ini telah berdampak pada potensi penuh arkeologi situs.Survey arkeologi bebas-gangguan2003-2004 survei operasi telah dilakukan sebagai standar 'bebas-gangguan' arkeologi latihan. Hanya terkena dan karena itu terlihat bagian dari situs kecelakaan dipetakan dan direkam. Tidak adalah lapisan penutup pelindung pasir dihapus dari setiap bagian dari situs. Kedalaman dan kompleksitas dikubur bagian dari lambung dan Fitting adalah tidak dieksplorasi, selain melalui survei probe terbatas.Pendekatan ini dihindari langsung gangguan bahan arkeologi serta terkait kerusakan dipercepat. Peninggalan, besar dan kecil, dari konteks aslinya tetap dipertahankan dan mempertahankan penelitian potensi situs. Sebuah survei yang melibatkan pemulihan artefak akan memerlukan persetujuan dari izin arkeologi di bawah s139 NSW warisan Act 1977. Ini juga akan membutuhkan jaringan ketat titik kontrol untuk mengukur dan melacak Asosiasi kapal karam dan artefak, substansial konservasi dan dukungan laboratorium, arkeologi pengawasan dan penyediaan Penitipan berkelanjutan, identifikasi, penelitian dan tampilan. Pendekatan 'bebas gangguan' yang digunakan oleh kantor Heritage telah maju perlindungan situs sementara memungkinkan cukup kompleks evaluasi harus dibuat. Dalam hal perubahan kondisi situs dan bagian-bagian baru dari situs terkena perpanjangan dari survei operasi dapat dilakukan.PenelitianSumber tersedia penelitian termasuk kliping koran yang diselenggarakan oleh signifikan repositori seperti Perpustakaan Mitchell di Sydney. Dalam hal kapal, sumber utama data berada dalam registri catatan seperti Lloyds Register British pengiriman dan Pribadi Arsip keluarga yang dikelola oleh keluarga Donald di Aberdeen, Skotlandia (ringkasan dari banyak dari informasi ini disediakan kantor warisan Maritim warisan Online situs web http://maritime.heritage.nsw.gov.au). Bahan bergambar adalah dibatasi untuk etsa tunggal seperti yang diterbitkan dalam kertas Sydney kontemporer, salinan lukisan juga diadakan oleh keluarganya Donald dan salinan rencana bangunan asli. Umumnya dapat dicantumkan bahwa dokumen-dokumen sejarah yang relatif sedikit bertahan melalui mana untuk menafsirkan sejarah situs.Oleh karena itu, catatan fisik Centurion seperti yang ada di dasar laut, sangat penting sebagai catatan kapal itu konstruksi dan pemasangan..
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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4.5 Constraints
Weather and sea conditions
The Centurion, located adjacent to the Sydney Heads is exposed to all sea and swell activity from the south to south-east. At times, heavy rollers sweep across the site making diving conditions turbulent and visibility poor.
Generally winter westerly winds produce the best diving conditions for the site. Periods of heavy rain, run off from the harbour shore, and particularly from the Parramatta River, can significantly reduce visibility. During the present diving operations, visibility variations ranged from 0.5 metres to 30 metres+. The site is also subject to variations in water density with haloclines visible when surface rainfall layers overlay denser saline waters.

Diving Operations
The Centurion lies at an average depth of 19 metres. At this depth, it is accessible by the majority of recreation divers.
The current survey operations were undertaken within the Workplace diving regulations administered by NSW Workcover Authority. These require commercially trained divers to operate under the Australian Standard AS2299 training code using the approved DCIEM air tables. Each diver conducted one (1) to two (2) dives per day, the first of 30 minutes duration, with a 1 1/2 hour surface interval, and the successive dive limited to 25 minutes.
In order to undertake substantive site measurements and photography, a number of return visits were made to the site. Divers were tethered to the surface for the majority of dives, with surface support comprising boat crew, standby diver, diver supervisor and dive tender.

Vessel traffic
The Centurion wreck is located close to the Sydney Harbour ferry routes between Circular Quay and Manly Wharf. As such, boat anchoring and diving operations required contact with the Harbour Master in order to advise vessels of the survey operations.
The survey team noted illegal motor boat traffic within the 100-metre exclusion zone around its displayed dive flag (blue and white) on several occasions. This activity signifies a degree of unfamiliarity with current boat rules by some small boat users and is a factor to be considered by dive visitors to the site.

Past activity at the site
As detailed below, early diving activity at the Centurion wreck site has resulted in some site disturbance and an unknown level of artefact removal. This activity has had an impact on the full archaeological potential of the site.

Non-disturbance archaeological survey
The 2003-2004 survey operations were undertaken as a standard 'non-disturbance' archaeological exercise. Only exposed and therefore visible portions of the wreck site were mapped and recorded. At no stage was the overburden of protective sand removed from any portion of the site. The depth and complexity of buried portions of the hull and fittings was not explored, other than through a limited probe survey.
This approach avoided direct disturbance of archaeological materials as well as associated accelerated deterioration. It has retained relics, large and small, from their original context and retained the research potential of the site. A survey that involved recovery of artefacts would require approval of an archaeological permit under s139 of the NSW Heritage Act 1977. It would also require a tight network of control points to measure and track shipwreck and artefact associations, substantial conservation and laboratory support, archaeological supervision, and provision of ongoing storage, identification, research and display.
The 'non-disturbance' approach used by the Heritage Office has advanced the protection of the site while allowing quite complex evaluations to be made. In the event that site conditions do change and new parts of the site are exposed an extension of survey operations can be undertaken.

Research
Available research sources included newspaper clippings held by significant repositories such as the Mitchell Library in Sydney. In terms of the vessel, primary source data was located in registry records such as the Lloyds Register of British Shipping and personal family archives maintained by the Donald Family in Aberdeen, Scotland (summaries of much of this information is available the Heritage Office’s Maritime Heritage Online web site http://maritime.heritage.nsw.gov.au). Pictorial material was restricted to a single etching as published in a contemporary Sydney paper, a copy of a painting also held by the Donald family, and copies of original building plans. Generally it can be noted that relatively few historical documents survive through which to interpret the history of the site.
Hence, the physical record of Centurion as it exists on the seafloor, is extremely important as a record of the vessel’s construction and fitting-out.



.





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