2. Intellectual capital
There are many corporate valuation methods. Nevertheless, studies find contradictory results, and the corporate finance community is not even close to a universal methodology of company valuation. Different methods have different advantages in different situations, and some capture important aspects of valuing a business, which are not recognized by others. Traditional company valuation methods pay more attention to either historical figures (based on the balance sheet, income or cash flow statement) or inexact forecasting [for example, free cash flow and weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for subsequent periods]. These methods are mostly taking into consideration the physical assets of the company, while in the knowledge-based economy more emphasis is put on employees and intellectual capital. Therefore, afore mentioned corporate valuation methods are not suitable in today’s world.
In a knowledge-based economy, one must take into consideration not only the traditional ways to measure the company value, but it is necessary to recognize intellectual capital as well. Traditional measures of a company’s performance, which are based on conventional accounting principles, may be unsuitable in the knowledge–based economy which is driven by intellectual capital (Gan & Saleh, 2008). Although intellectual capital and knowledge assets are difficult to discern and quantify, their results will nonetheless be reflected in the company’s greater productivity, efficiency, and overall profitability. The limitations of financial statements in explaining company value underline the fact that the source of economic value is no longer the production of material goods, but the creation of intellectual capital (Chen, Cheng & Yuchang, 2005).
Intellectual capital is intangible and cannot be accurately measured. For example, Frykman & Tolleryd (2010) define intellectual capital as all non-financial assets of a company that are not reflected in the balance sheet. Yet Tawy & Tollington (2012) have observed that there is no universal definition for intellectual capital and the cause and effect relationship between intellectual capital and value creation is, at best, indirect.
Bayburina & Golovko (2009) emphasized that intellectual capital is the “intangible safety - cushion”, which can be used only by companies who have created it years before. Therefore it is necessary to focus on sustainable development. The panel data analysis of before mentioned study revealed that the human capital can be considered the key factor of the long-term growth of BRIC companies. Brown et al. (2005) emphasize that intellectual capital has ascertainable monetary value, provides a company with a competitive edge, and enables it to differentiate itself from tis competitors.
Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAICTM) is a method developed by Pulic (2000), which monitors and measures the value creation efficiency in the company according to accounting based figures. The VAICTM model is intended to measure the extent to which a company produces added value based on intellectual (capital) efficiency or intellectual resources (Stahle, Stahle & Aho, 2011):
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