Noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitusAbstractExcessive sound exposur terjemahan - Noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitusAbstractExcessive sound exposur Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Noise-induced hearing loss and tinn

Noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus

Abstract
Excessive sound exposure is a significant cause of temporary and permanent hearing loss and tinnitus. This presentation reviews the nature of the pathology of NIHL, the pathogenesis injury and, briefly, considers how this relates to tinnitus generation.
Classically, injury is localised to sensory cells and primary afferent neurones
innervating inner hair cells (IHC). There is increasing evidence of changes to lateral
wall tissues, particularly loss of spiral ligament fibrocytes and stria vascularis atrophy,
which may be a more generalised pathology than previously indicated. Changes to
sensory and neural structures are correlated to loss of sensitivity and tuning, however,the consequences of the lateral wall alterations are not established but may be a deficit in potassium homeostasis and the endocochlear potential (driving potential to sensory cells).
Mechanisms of cell death include oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity and
initiation of apoptosis. Chronic noise generates a cochlear inflammatory response
which may exacerbate injury and the relevance to tinnitus of chronic inflammation
and irritation of cochlear structures, needs to be considered. Clearly many noise
effects are pathological but we need to consider that many may also reflect
physiological adaptations to excessive stimulation. For example, noise activation of
efferent pathways is known to influence hair cell sensitivity; the ear can be conditioned to excessive sound; and there are molecular mechanisms that regulate the sensitivity of the cochlea in noise. That these mechanisms are “protective” around
high level physiological sound is important and the possibility that sensitivity to
NIHL may relate to the individual efficacy of these adaptive processes needs to be
considered.
In terms of tinnitus, these pathological and physiological changes to the cochlea in
response to loud sound temporarily and permanently alter the pattern and nature of
input to the central nervous system which are manifest in changes in the Cochlear
Nucleus, Inferior Colliculus and Cortex.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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Noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitusAbstractExcessive sound exposure is a significant cause of temporary and permanent hearing loss and tinnitus. This presentation reviews the nature of the pathology of NIHL, the pathogenesis injury and, briefly, considers how this relates to tinnitus generation.Classically, injury is localised to sensory cells and primary afferent neuronesinnervating inner hair cells (IHC). There is increasing evidence of changes to lateralwall tissues, particularly loss of spiral ligament fibrocytes and stria vascularis atrophy,which may be a more generalised pathology than previously indicated. Changes tosensory and neural structures are correlated to loss of sensitivity and tuning, however,the consequences of the lateral wall alterations are not established but may be a deficit in potassium homeostasis and the endocochlear potential (driving potential to sensory cells).Mechanisms of cell death include oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity andinitiation of apoptosis. Chronic noise generates a cochlear inflammatory responsewhich may exacerbate injury and the relevance to tinnitus of chronic inflammationand irritation of cochlear structures, needs to be considered. Clearly many noiseeffects are pathological but we need to consider that many may also reflectphysiological adaptations to excessive stimulation. For example, noise activation ofefferent pathways is known to influence hair cell sensitivity; the ear can be conditioned to excessive sound; and there are molecular mechanisms that regulate the sensitivity of the cochlea in noise. That these mechanisms are “protective” aroundhigh level physiological sound is important and the possibility that sensitivity toNIHL may relate to the individual efficacy of these adaptive processes needs to beconsidered.In terms of tinnitus, these pathological and physiological changes to the cochlea inresponse to loud sound temporarily and permanently alter the pattern and nature ofinput to the central nervous system which are manifest in changes in the CochlearNucleus, Inferior Colliculus and Cortex.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Gangguan pendengaran akibat bising-dan tinnitus Abstrak paparan suara yang berlebihan adalah penyebab signifikan kehilangan pendengaran sementara dan permanen dan tinnitus. Presentasi ini mengkaji sifat patologi NIHL, cedera patogenesis dan, secara singkat, mempertimbangkan bagaimana ini berhubungan dengan tinnitus generasi. Secara klasik, cedera diterjemahkan ke sel sensorik dan neuron aferen primer innervating sel-sel rambut bagian dalam (IHC). Ada semakin banyak bukti dari perubahan lateral yang jaringan dinding, terutama hilangnya fibrocytes ligamen spiral dan stria vaskularis atrofi, yang mungkin menjadi patologi yang lebih umum daripada yang ditunjukkan sebelumnya. Perubahan struktur sensorik dan saraf yang berhubungan dengan hilangnya sensitivitas dan tuning, bagaimanapun, konsekuensi dari perubahan dinding lateral tidak ditetapkan tetapi mungkin defisit kalium homeostasis dan potensi endocochlear (mengemudi berpotensi sel sensorik). Mekanisme sel kematian termasuk stres oksidatif, glutamat excitotoxicity dan inisiasi apoptosis. Kebisingan kronis menghasilkan respon inflamasi koklea yang dapat memperburuk cedera dan relevansi untuk tinnitus peradangan kronis dan iritasi struktur koklea, perlu dipertimbangkan. Jelas banyak kebisingan efek yang patologis tetapi kita perlu mempertimbangkan bahwa banyak juga mencerminkan adaptasi fisiologis terhadap rangsangan berlebihan. Misalnya, aktivasi suara jalur eferen diketahui mempengaruhi sensitivitas sel rambut; telinga dapat dikondisikan untuk suara yang berlebihan; dan ada mekanisme molekuler yang mengatur sensitivitas koklea dalam kebisingan. Bahwa mekanisme ini adalah "pelindung" di sekitar tingkat tinggi suara fisiologis penting dan kemungkinan bahwa kepekaan terhadap NIHL mungkin berhubungan dengan efektivitas individu proses-proses adaptif perlu dipertimbangkan. Dalam hal tinnitus, perubahan patologis dan fisiologis untuk koklea di Menanggapi suara keras sementara dan permanen mengubah pola dan sifat input ke sistem saraf pusat yang terwujud dalam perubahan koklea Nucleus, Inferior colliculus dan Cortex.





















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