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Noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitusAbstractExcessive sound exposure is a significant cause of temporary and permanent hearing loss and tinnitus. This presentation reviews the nature of the pathology of NIHL, the pathogenesis injury and, briefly, considers how this relates to tinnitus generation.Classically, injury is localised to sensory cells and primary afferent neuronesinnervating inner hair cells (IHC). There is increasing evidence of changes to lateralwall tissues, particularly loss of spiral ligament fibrocytes and stria vascularis atrophy,which may be a more generalised pathology than previously indicated. Changes tosensory and neural structures are correlated to loss of sensitivity and tuning, however,the consequences of the lateral wall alterations are not established but may be a deficit in potassium homeostasis and the endocochlear potential (driving potential to sensory cells).Mechanisms of cell death include oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity andinitiation of apoptosis. Chronic noise generates a cochlear inflammatory responsewhich may exacerbate injury and the relevance to tinnitus of chronic inflammationand irritation of cochlear structures, needs to be considered. Clearly many noiseeffects are pathological but we need to consider that many may also reflectphysiological adaptations to excessive stimulation. For example, noise activation ofefferent pathways is known to influence hair cell sensitivity; the ear can be conditioned to excessive sound; and there are molecular mechanisms that regulate the sensitivity of the cochlea in noise. That these mechanisms are “protective” aroundhigh level physiological sound is important and the possibility that sensitivity toNIHL may relate to the individual efficacy of these adaptive processes needs to beconsidered.In terms of tinnitus, these pathological and physiological changes to the cochlea inresponse to loud sound temporarily and permanently alter the pattern and nature ofinput to the central nervous system which are manifest in changes in the CochlearNucleus, Inferior Colliculus and Cortex.
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