Production systemsBetween 95% and 99% of dairy farms in Thailand can b terjemahan - Production systemsBetween 95% and 99% of dairy farms in Thailand can b Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Production systemsBetween 95% and 9

Production systems

Between 95% and 99% of dairy farms in Thailand can be classified as small-scale or smallholder farms under mixed crop–livestock farming systems. Some of the older dairy colonies have become peri-urban smallholder dairying systems but these still rely on the use of crop wastes and residues, such as corn stover from neighbouring farming areas, as a source of feed supply. For smallholder dairy farms in rural areas, the dairy operation is generally integrated with the production of rice, upland crops, orchard crops or various plantation crops. There is a general tendency for the number of milking cows owned by each smallholder to increase. Moreover, there is a steady shift in the role of dairying from providing a source of supplementary income to being a major or specialised enterprise in mixed farming systems.

Almost all dairy cows in Thailand are crossbreds between Holstein–Friesians (HF) and zebu breeds (such as Red Sindhi or Sahiwal). Most of these animals are F2 or F3 crosses, many of them produce milk yields as high as 5 thousand kg in 305 days but most of them produce around 2500–3000 kg per lactation. These crossbreds are relatively well adapted to local conditions and are well accepted by farmers. Purebred HF could be reared to increase the level of milk production, but the cost of production per kg of milk remains economically unviable. Milk yields of some highly selected F3 or F4 crossbreds are as high or higher than the average milk yields of some purebreds.

The use of crop residues, such as corn stover, rice straw, soybean stems or pineapple peel is very common. The use of silage or hay is less common. Silage is used only by large-scale dairy farms. For routine use as cattle feed, hay is too expensive. However, shortages of roughage feeds are serious in dry or summer seasons and farmers have to buy hay or straw, or have to increase their use of commercial mixed rations. Animal health care and AI are generally offered as dairy co-operative or government services.

Most farmers receive credit from the Bank of Agriculture and Agricultural Co-operatives (BAAC). Moreover, many of them receive loans from commercial banks, relatives or local money lenders. In general, dairy training for farmers is provided by dairy co-operatives, DPOT, DLD or the Department of Co-operatives Promotion (DCP).

Data in Table 4 show the cost of components of dairying in Thailand (Skunmun and Chantalakhana 2000). Feed costs constitute 51–67% of the costs involved in dairying (average = 58%).
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Production systems

Between 95% and 99% of dairy farms in Thailand can be classified as small-scale or smallholder farms under mixed crop–livestock farming systems. Some of the older dairy colonies have become peri-urban smallholder dairying systems but these still rely on the use of crop wastes and residues, such as corn stover from neighbouring farming areas, as a source of feed supply. For smallholder dairy farms in rural areas, the dairy operation is generally integrated with the production of rice, upland crops, orchard crops or various plantation crops. There is a general tendency for the number of milking cows owned by each smallholder to increase. Moreover, there is a steady shift in the role of dairying from providing a source of supplementary income to being a major or specialised enterprise in mixed farming systems.

Almost all dairy cows in Thailand are crossbreds between Holstein–Friesians (HF) and zebu breeds (such as Red Sindhi or Sahiwal). Most of these animals are F2 or F3 crosses, many of them produce milk yields as high as 5 thousand kg in 305 days but most of them produce around 2500–3000 kg per lactation. These crossbreds are relatively well adapted to local conditions and are well accepted by farmers. Purebred HF could be reared to increase the level of milk production, but the cost of production per kg of milk remains economically unviable. Milk yields of some highly selected F3 or F4 crossbreds are as high or higher than the average milk yields of some purebreds.

The use of crop residues, such as corn stover, rice straw, soybean stems or pineapple peel is very common. The use of silage or hay is less common. Silage is used only by large-scale dairy farms. For routine use as cattle feed, hay is too expensive. However, shortages of roughage feeds are serious in dry or summer seasons and farmers have to buy hay or straw, or have to increase their use of commercial mixed rations. Animal health care and AI are generally offered as dairy co-operative or government services.

Most farmers receive credit from the Bank of Agriculture and Agricultural Co-operatives (BAAC). Moreover, many of them receive loans from commercial banks, relatives or local money lenders. In general, dairy training for farmers is provided by dairy co-operatives, DPOT, DLD or the Department of Co-operatives Promotion (DCP).

Data in Table 4 show the cost of components of dairying in Thailand (Skunmun and Chantalakhana 2000). Feed costs constitute 51–67% of the costs involved in dairying (average = 58%).
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Sistem produksi Antara 95% dan 99% dari peternakan sapi perah di Thailand dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai peternakan skala kecil atau skala kecil di bawah sistem pertanian tanaman-ternak campuran. Beberapa koloni susu yang lebih tua telah menjadi sistem pekerjaan menghasilkan susu petani pinggiran kota tetapi ini masih mengandalkan penggunaan limbah tanaman dan residu, seperti brangkasan jagung dari daerah pertanian tetangga, sebagai sumber pasokan pakan. Untuk peternakan petani di daerah pedesaan, operasi susu umumnya terintegrasi dengan produksi padi, tanaman dataran tinggi, tanaman kebun atau berbagai tanaman perkebunan. Ada kecenderungan umum untuk jumlah sapi pemerahan yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing petani meningkat. Selain itu, ada pergeseran mantap dalam peran pekerjaan menghasilkan susu dari menyediakan sumber penghasilan tambahan untuk menjadi sebuah perusahaan besar atau khusus dalam sistem pertanian campuran. Hampir semua susu sapi di Thailand crossbreds antara Holstein-Friesians (HF) dan keturunan zebu ( seperti Red Sindhi atau Sahiwal). Sebagian besar hewan ini adalah salib F2 atau F3, banyak dari mereka menghasilkan hasil susu setinggi 5.000 kg di 305 hari tetapi kebanyakan dari mereka memproduksi sekitar 2500-3000 kg per laktasi. Crossbreds ini relatif baik disesuaikan dengan kondisi setempat dan diterima dengan baik oleh petani. HF ras bisa dibesarkan untuk meningkatkan tingkat produksi susu, tetapi biaya produksi per kg susu tetap unviable ekonomis. Hasil susu dari beberapa F3 atau F4 crossbreds sangat terpilih adalah sebagai tinggi atau lebih tinggi dari hasil susu rata-rata beberapa purebreds. Penggunaan sisa tanaman, seperti brangkasan jagung, jerami padi, kedelai batang atau kulit nanas sangat umum. Penggunaan silase atau jerami kurang umum. Silase hanya digunakan oleh peternakan sapi skala besar. Untuk penggunaan rutin sebagai pakan ternak, jerami terlalu mahal. Namun, kekurangan pakan serat serius dalam musim kering atau musim panas dan petani harus membeli rumput kering atau jerami, atau harus meningkatkan penggunaan ransum campuran komersial. Kesehatan hewan dan AI umumnya ditawarkan sebagai susu koperasi atau jasa pemerintah. Kebanyakan petani menerima kredit dari Bank Pertanian dan Pertanian Koperasi (BAAC). Selain itu, banyak dari mereka menerima pinjaman dari bank komersial, kerabat atau pemberi pinjaman uang lokal. Secara umum, pelatihan susu untuk petani disediakan oleh susu koperasi, dpot, SLJJ atau Departemen Koperasi Promotion (DCP). Data dalam Tabel 4 menunjukkan biaya komponen pekerjaan menghasilkan susu di Thailand (Skunmun dan Chantalakhana 2000). Biaya pakan merupakan 51-67% dari biaya yang terlibat dalam pekerjaan menghasilkan susu (rata-rata = 58%).









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