World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the worl terjemahan - World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the worl Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

World-systems theory (also known as

World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective),[1] a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change, emphasizes the world-system (and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis.[1] [2]

"World-system" refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries.[2] Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials.[3] This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core countries.[3] Nonetheless, the system has dynamic characteristics, in part as a result of revolutions in transport technology, and individual states can gain or lose their core (semi-periphery, periphery) status over time.[3] For a time, certain countries become the world hegemon; during the last few centuries, as the world-system has extended geographically and intensified economically, this status has passed from the Netherlands, to the United Kingdom and (most recently) to the United States of America.[3]

Background
Immanuel Wallerstein has developed the best-known version of world-systems analysis, beginning in the 1970s.[4] [5] Wallerstein traces the rise of the capitalist world-economy from the "long" 16th century (c. 1450–1640). The rise of capitalism, in his view, was an accidental outcome of the protracted crisis of feudalism (c. 1290–1450).[6] Europe (the West) used its advantages and gained control over most of the world economy and presided over the development and spread of industrialization and capitalist economy, indirectly resulting in unequal development.[2] [3] [5]

Though other commentators refer to Wallerstein's project as world-systems "theory", he consistently rejects that term.[7] For Wallerstein, world-systems analysis is a mode of analysis that aims to transcend the structures of knowledge inherited from the 19th century, especially the definition of capitalism, the divisions within the social sciences, and those between the social sciences and history.[8] For Wallerstein, then, world-systems analysis is a "knowledge movement"[9] that seeks to discern the “totality of what has been paraded under the labels of the... human sciences and indeed well beyond.[10] "We must invent a new language," Wallerstein insists, to transcend the illusions of the "three supposedly distinctive arenas" of society, economy and politics.[11] The trinitarian structure of knowledge is grounded in another, even grander, modernist architecture, the distinction of biophysical worlds (including those within bodies) from social ones: "One question, therefore, is whether we will be able to justify something called social science in the twenty-first century as a separate sphere of knowledge."[12] [13]

Many other scholars have contributed significant work in this "knowledge movement".[2]
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World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective),[1] a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change, emphasizes the world-system (and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis.[1] [2]"World-system" refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries.[2] Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials.[3] This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core countries.[3] Nonetheless, the system has dynamic characteristics, in part as a result of revolutions in transport technology, and individual states can gain or lose their core (semi-periphery, periphery) status over time.[3] For a time, certain countries become the world hegemon; during the last few centuries, as the world-system has extended geographically and intensified economically, this status has passed from the Netherlands, to the United Kingdom and (most recently) to the United States of America.[3]BackgroundImmanuel Wallerstein has developed the best-known version of world-systems analysis, beginning in the 1970s.[4] [5] Wallerstein traces the rise of the capitalist world-economy from the "long" 16th century (c. 1450–1640). The rise of capitalism, in his view, was an accidental outcome of the protracted crisis of feudalism (c. 1290–1450).[6] Europe (the West) used its advantages and gained control over most of the world economy and presided over the development and spread of industrialization and capitalist economy, indirectly resulting in unequal development.[2] [3] [5]Though other commentators refer to Wallerstein's project as world-systems "theory", he consistently rejects that term.[7] For Wallerstein, world-systems analysis is a mode of analysis that aims to transcend the structures of knowledge inherited from the 19th century, especially the definition of capitalism, the divisions within the social sciences, and those between the social sciences and history.[8] For Wallerstein, then, world-systems analysis is a "knowledge movement"[9] that seeks to discern the “totality of what has been paraded under the labels of the... human sciences and indeed well beyond.[10] "We must invent a new language," Wallerstein insists, to transcend the illusions of the "three supposedly distinctive arenas" of society, economy and politics.[11] The trinitarian structure of knowledge is grounded in another, even grander, modernist architecture, the distinction of biophysical worlds (including those within bodies) from social ones: "One question, therefore, is whether we will be able to justify something called social science in the twenty-first century as a separate sphere of knowledge."[12] [13]
Many other scholars have contributed significant work in this "knowledge movement".[2]
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Dunia-teori sistem (juga dikenal sebagai analisis-sistem dunia atau perspektif-sistem dunia), [1] multidisiplin, skala makro pendekatan sejarah dunia dan perubahan sosial, menekankan sistem dunia (dan tidak negara bangsa) sebagai primer (tapi tidak eksklusif) unit analisis sosial. [1] [2]

"Dunia-sistem" mengacu pada divisi antar-regional dan transnasional kerja, yang membagi dunia menjadi negara inti, negara-negara semi-pinggiran, dan negara-negara pinggiran. [2] Negara inti fokus pada keterampilan yang lebih tinggi, produksi padat modal, dan seluruh dunia berfokus pada rendah-keterampilan, produksi dan ekstraksi bahan baku padat karya. [3] Ini terus memperkuat dominasi negara-negara inti. [3] Meskipun demikian, sistem memiliki karakteristik dinamis, sebagian sebagai akibat dari revolusi dalam teknologi transportasi, dan masing-masing negara dapat memperoleh atau kehilangan status inti (semi-pinggiran, pinggiran) dari waktu ke waktu. [3] Untuk sementara waktu, negara-negara tertentu menjadi hegemon dunia; selama beberapa abad terakhir, sebagai sistem dunia telah diperpanjang secara geografis dan intensif ekonomi, status ini telah lulus dari Belanda, ke Inggris dan (yang terbaru) ke Amerika Serikat. [3]

Latar belakang
Immanuel Wallerstein telah dikembangkan versi paling terkenal dari analisis-sistem dunia, dimulai pada 1970-an. [4] [5] Wallerstein menelusuri munculnya ekonomi dunia dari "panjang" abad ke-16 (c. 1450-1640). Munculnya kapitalisme, dalam pandangannya, adalah hasil disengaja dari krisis berkepanjangan feodalisme (c. 1290-1450). [6] Eropa (Barat) yang digunakan keuntungan dan memperoleh kontrol atas sebagian besar ekonomi dunia dan memimpin pengembangan dan penyebaran industrialisasi dan ekonomi kapitalis, secara tidak langsung mengakibatkan pembangunan yang tidak merata. [2] [3] [5]

Meskipun komentator lainnya mengacu pada proyek Wallerstein sebagai dunia-sistem "teori", ia secara konsisten menolak istilah itu. [7] Untuk Wallerstein, analisis-sistem dunia adalah mode analisis yang bertujuan untuk mengatasi struktur pengetahuan yang diwarisi dari abad ke-19, terutama definisi kapitalisme, perpecahan dalam ilmu-ilmu sosial, dan orang-orang di antara ilmu-ilmu sosial dan sejarah. [8 ] Untuk Wallerstein, kemudian, analisis-sistem dunia adalah "gerakan pengetahuan" [9] yang berusaha untuk membedakan "totalitas dari apa yang telah diarak di bawah label dari ... ilmu manusia dan memang baik di luar. [10] "Kita harus menciptakan bahasa baru," Wallerstein menegaskan, untuk mengatasi ilusi dari "tiga arena seharusnya khas" dari masyarakat, ekonomi dan politik. [11] Struktur Trinitas pengetahuan didasarkan pada yang lain, bahkan megah, arsitektur modernis, perbedaan dunia biofisik (termasuk dalam tubuh) dari orang-orang sosial: "Satu pertanyaan, oleh karena itu, adalah apakah kita akan dapat membenarkan sesuatu yang disebut ilmu sosial di abad kedua puluh satu sebagai suatu bidang yang terpisah pengetahuan. "[12] [13]

Banyak ulama lainnya telah memberikan kontribusi kerja yang signifikan dalam" gerakan pengetahuan ". [2]
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