In our study, among 73 samples, in

Dalam penelitian kami, antara 73 sampel, dalam 3 bulu mata, 3 bayangan mata, lipstik 2 dan 2 Yayasan sampel 10 cemaran mikroba diamati. Dalam 5 sampel bakteri aerobik total angka itu terlarang. Salmonella spp. dan P. aeruginosa tidak diamati tetapi Candida spp., S. aureus dan E.coli yang tidak diperbolehkan untuk ditemukan dalam kosmetik adalah de-termined (Tabel 1). Setelah tantangan uji aktivitas pengawet semua produk ditunjukkan untuk menjadi tidak efektif karena pertumbuhan mikroba tidak terbatas dengan pengurangan 99,9% selama 7 hari. Pada waktu nol, di 34 sampel, jumlah sel-sel C.albicans yang menjadi-tween 1 × 104-1 × 106. Dalam 19 sampel, C.albicans pertumbuhan tidak diamati sehingga 99,9% pengurangan ditentukan dalam sampel 19 saat nol. Setelah 3 hari, dalam semua sampel pertumbuhan ditentukan dan dalam 12 sampel, jumlah sel-sel C.albicans juga terlalu banyak untuk menghitung. Dalam contoh lain, jumlah sel yang antara 3,8 × 105 dan 8 × 106 CFU/ml. Setelah 7 hari, jumlah sel adalah 4 × 106, 2,8 × 106, 3.2 × 106 dan 1 × 107 CFU/ml di EL2, EL3, EL6 dan EL9 berjumlah sampel masing-masing. Meskipun num-ber sel berkurang dalam contoh ini, pengurangan itu tidak cukup. Ter AF 14, 21 dan 28 hari di semua sampel, jumlah sel-sel C.albicans yang terlalu banyak untuk menghitung. Sebagai akibatnya bahan pengawet aktivitas ditentukan hanya dalam sampel 19 saat nol untuk C.albicans. Pada saat nol, dalam sampel 17, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 pertumbuhan tidak diamati sehingga 99,9% pengurangan ditentukan di 17 sam-ples saat nol. Namun, setelah 3, 7, 14, 21 dan 28 hari jumlah aeruginosa Pseu-domonas ATCC 27853 sel juga terlalu banyak untuk menghitung di semua sampel. Sebagai akibatnya bahan pengawet aktivitas ditentukan hanya dalam sampel 29 pada waktu nol untuk Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Untuk E.coli ATCC 25922, hanya dalam 5 sampel tidak ada pertumbuhan bertekad. Dalam contoh lain jumlah sel adalah antara 1 × × 104-2.1 106 CFU / ml saat nol. Setelah 3 hari di semua sampel, jumlah E. coli ATCC 25922 sel juga terlalu banyak untuk menghitung. Setelah hari 7, 14, 21 dan 28 di semua nomor sampel E. coli ATCC 25922 sel juga numer-ous untuk menghitung. Sebagai hasilnya, kegiatan pengawet ditentukan hanya dalam 8 sampel saat nol. Setelah 3, 7, 14, 21 dan 28 hari jumlah Staphylococcus aureus sel yang terlalu banyak untuk menghitung. Dalam 5 sampel saat pertumbuhan nol tidak diamati. Untuk semua mikroorganisme diuji, 99,9% pengurangan adalah mencegah - ditambang hanya dalam beberapa sampel saat nol. Setelah tantangan uji aktivitas pengawet semua produk harus tidak efektif re-duction 99,9% selama 7 hari sehingga dalam sampel diuji, pengawet aktivitas tidak ditentukan. Kontaminasi mikroorganisme dalam kosmetik dapat menyebabkan pembusukan produk dan ketika patogen, mereka mewakili serius risiko kesehatan bagi konsumen "Kosmetik tidak diharapkan untuk menjadi benar-benar gratis mikroorganisme ketika pertama kali digunakan atau untuk tetap gratis selama penggunaan konsumen," menurut laporan FDA 1989 kontaminasi makeup sampel counter di toko-toko de-partment. Setiap kali seseorang membuka botol foundation atau kasus eye shadow, mikroorganisme dalam udara memiliki kesempatan untuk terburu-buru dalam. Tapi cukup terawat produk dapat membunuh cukup dari mereka untuk menjaga produk aman Untuk mengontrol pertumbuhan mikroba dan untuk menstabilkan setiap produk kosmetik, beberapa bentuk pengawet perlu digunakan. Namun, di banyak kosmetik tidak ada tanggal kedaluwarsa telah dilaporkan dan mungkin kehilangan aktivitas pengawet dan menjadi potensi risiko kontaminasi mikroba. Menurut FDA data, sebagian besar kasus kontaminasi disebabkan oleh produsen menggunakan dirancang buruk, tidak efektif pengawet sistem dan tidak menguji sta-meningkatkan kemampuan sumber pengawet selama produk kehidupan rak adat dan di bawah normal menggunakan kondisiOleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk meningkatkan sistem pengawet untuk menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme kontaminasi selama manufac-turing, Penyimpanan dan digunakan oleh konsumenAda beberapa studi yang telah menyelidiki beberapa produk cos-metics tidak digunakan dalam kasus cemaran mikroba. Altanlar telah mempelajari mikrobiologis kualitas 81 lipstik yang tidak terpakai. Dalam 81 sampel; mereka menemukan bahwa 34 sampel telah ditemukan untuk menjadi terkontaminasi dan bakteri aerobik total hitungan antara 104-106 CFU/g. Dalam beberapa lipstik mikroorganisme seperti jamur dan ragi yang tidak diperbolehkan untuk hadir dalam kosmetik yang ditentukan 11. Özdemir telah diselidiki krim yang telah dipersiapkan oleh Ege University Department of Chem - ical Engineering dalam kasus cemaran mikroba 12. Dalam satu sampel Staphylococcus aureus diasingkan dan tidak mengandung bakteri patogen lain cetakan atau ragi yang diamati 12. Ergun, telah belajar dengan un-digunakan sampo, krim tangan, tonik rambut dan rambut krim sampel dan 14 sampel bakteri aerobik total bertekad terlarang. 3 P.aeruginosa, E.coli 2, 2 S. aureus, 5 Bacillus subtilis, 2 Enterobacter spp. diisolasi dari sampel Anar telah mempelajari 45 sampel kosmetik bekas yang tidak terpakai dan 56 (palsu-poos, krim, mascaras dan lipstik) dalam kasus contamina-tion mikroba. Frekuensi kontaminasi bakteri dan jamur yang 53.47% dan 35.64% masing-masing. 22 tidak terpakai dan 18 digunakan kosmetik sampel memiliki patogen mikroorganisme. 12% dari produk kosmetik bekas berisi lebih dari 103 CFU ml org 9. Campana et al. telah mempelajari 91 commer - manusia menjadi sangat tersedia produk kosmetik untuk memverifikasi tingkat kemungkinan kontaminasi mikrobiologis selama digunakan oleh konsumen. Mereka telah mempelajari produk utuh (pada saat pembelian), produk-penggunaan (setelah 14 hari penggunaan) dan produk akhir (posting menggunakan). Dalam semua kasus kontaminasi ditemukan dalam mengakhiri produk, sementara dalam satu kasus itu diamati dalam-penggunaan produk. Juga dalam studi, pengawet sys-tems kedua produk diuji dipelajari dan mereka telah menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba yang tahan lamaRavita et al. telah mempelajari dengan pasca-konsumen menggunakan produk kosmetik dalam kasus cemaran mikroba. Dalam studi ini, kepadatan culturable aerobik mikroorganisme digunakan produk kosmetik yang mengandung global (GPC) dan non-global (NPC) dibandingkan. Antara 96 sampel, sampel 28 tidak menghasilkan culturable mikroorganisme. Ada tidak ada ungkapan-cant perbedaan antara GPC dan NPC sampel 6. Aktivitas pengawet tidak terdeteksi oleh mikroba tantangan uji dalam studi sebelumnya.Hugbo et al. have studied with ten brands of commercially available cosmetic creams and lotions. After microbial investigations they have determined that all the products were contaminated to varying degrees. They came to the conclusion that the samples that they were tested did not generally meet the standards for microbial limits. In this study the investigators made a microbial challenge test for preservative activity but in the challenge test they have only used S. aureus as a bacteria and Aspergillus and Penicillum as molds. After the challenge test they have concluded that the preservatives did not possibly possess adequate pre- servative capacity Zhang et al. has reported a study on hygienic microbe pollution for imported cosmetics during 2003-2006 and determined that 0.27% of the 4764 cosmetic samples have exceeded the maximum limits of “Hygienic Standard for Cosmetic” in China. As a result of their study they have reported that the quality of the imported cosmetics is satisfactory except sea-mud products whose microbes′ proportion exceeds the limitation se- verely In our study, among 73 samples, in 10 samples microbial contami- nation was observed. In 5 samples total aerobic bacteria numbers were off the limits. Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not observed but Candida spp., Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli that are not allowed to be founding cosmetics were determined. After the challenge test the preservative activity of all the products was shown to be ineffective because the microbial growth was not lim- ited with a reduction of 99.9%. At time zero, in 29 samples, C. albicans growth was not observed so the growth was limited with a reduction of 99.99% but to say that the preservative is effective this reduction should continue up to 7 days 3 however after 3 days C. albicans cell numbers were increased and a reduction was not observed. In P. aeru- ginosa, at time zero, in 26 samples microbial growth was limited with a reduction of 99.9% but after 3 days the P. aeruginosa cell numbers were increased. In E. coli, at time zero, in 8 samples microbial growth was limited with a reduction of 99.9% but after 3 days the E.coli cell num- bers were also increased. At time zero, in 8 samples S. aureus growth was also limited with a reduction of 99.9% however after 3 days S. au- reus cell numbers were increased and a reduction was not observed. The samples that showed preservative activity at time zero are generally the same samples for the tested microorganisms. These results indicate that the preservatives in the studied cosmetics samples are not effective to protect the samples from microbial contamination. The low number of contaminated samples despite the inactivity of preservatives in the samples is thought to be because of the consumers hygienic conditions itself because in our study the samples were all used by one consumer for long time periods. The risk of contamination may be even greater with “testers” at retail stores, where a number of people are using the same sample product

In our study, among 73 samples, in 3 eyelashes, 3 eye shadows, 2 lipsticks and 2 foundations of 10 samples microbial contamination was observed. In 5 samples total aerobic bacteria numbers were off the limits. Salmonella spp. and P. aeruginosa were not observed but Candida spp., S. aureus and E.coli that are not allowed to be found in cosmetics were de- termined (Table 1). After the challenge test the preservative activity of all the products was shown to be ineffective because the microbial growth was not limited with a reduction of 99.9% for 7 days.
At time zero, in 34 samples, number of C.albicans cells were be- tween 1×104-1×106. In 19 samples, C.albicans growth was not observed so 99.9% reduction was determined in 19 samples at time zero. After 3 days, in all samples growth was determined and in 12 samples, number of C.albicans cells were too numerous to count. In other samples, the number of cells were between 3.8×105 and 8×106 CFU/ml. After 7 days number of cells were 4 ×106, 2.8 ×106, 3.2 ×106 and 1 ×107 CFU/ml in EL2, EL3, EL6 and EL9 numbered samples respectively. Although num- ber of cells reduced in these samples, the reduction was not enough. Af- ter 14, 21 and 28 days in all the samples, number of C.albicans cells were too numerous to count. As a result preservative activity was determined only in 19 samples at time zero for C.albicans.
At time zero, in 17 samples, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 growth was not observed so 99.9% reduction was determined in 17 sam- ples at time zero. However, after 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days number of Pseu- domonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 cells were too numerous to count in all the samples. As a result preservative activity was determined only in 29 samples at time zero for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.
For E.coli ATCC 25922, only in 5 samples no growth was determined. In other samples numbers of cells were between 1 × 104 - 2.1 × 106 CFU/ ml at time zero. After 3 days in all the samples, number of E. coli ATCC 25922 cells were too numerous to count. After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in all the samples number of E. coli ATCC 25922 cells were too numer- ous to count. As a result, preservative activity was determined only in 8 samples at time zero.
After 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days number of Staphylococcus aureus cells were too numerous to count. In 5 samples at time zero growth was not observed.
For all the microorganisms tested, the 99.9% reduction was deter- mined only in some samples at time zero. After the challenge test the preservative activity of all the products should be ineffective with a re- duction of 99.9% for 7 days so in the tested samples, preservative activity was not determined.
Contamination of microorganisms in cosmetics may cause spoilage of the product and when pathogenic, they represent a serious health risk for consumers
“Cosmetics are not expected to be totally free of microorganisms when first used or to remain free during consumer use,” according to a 1989 FDA report on contamination of makeup counter samples in de- partment stores. Every time one opens a bottle of foundation or case of eye shadow, microorganisms in the air have an opportunity to rush in. But adequately preserved products can kill off enough of them to keep the product safe
To control microbial growth and to stabilize any cosmetic product, some form of preservative needs to be used. However, in many cosmetics no expiry date has been reported and may loose the preservative activity and became a potential risk for microbial contamination. According to FDA data, most cases of contamination are due to manufacturers using poorly designed, ineffective preservative systems and not testing the sta- bility of the preservatives during the product’s customary shelf life and under normal use conditions
Therefore, it is important to improve the preservative system in order to inhibit the growth of contaminating microorganisms during manufac- turing, storage and use by consumers
There are several studies that have investigated some unused cos- metics products in case of microbial contamination. Altanlar has studied microbiological quality of 81 lipsticks which are unused. In 81 samples; they have found that 34 samples have been found to be contaminated and total aerobic bacteria counts were between 104-106 CFU/g. In some lipsticks microorganisms such as mold and yeast which are not allowed to be present in cosmetics were determined 11. Özdemir has investigated the creams that were prepared by Ege University Department of Chem- ical Engineering in case of microbial contamination 12. In only one of the samples Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and no other pathogen bacteria mold or yeasts were observed 12. Ergun, has studied with un- used shampoo, hand cream, hair tonic and hair cream samples and in 14 samples the total aerobic bacteria was determined off the limits. 3 P.aeruginosa, 2 E.coli, 2 S. aureus, 5 Bacillus subtilis, 2 Enterobacter spp. were isolated from the samples
Anar has studied 45 unused and 56 used cosmetics samples (sham- poos, creams, mascaras and lipsticks) in case of microbial contamina- tion. Frequencies of bacterial and fungal contamination were 53.47% and 35.64% respectively. 22 unused and 18 used cosmetic samples had pathogenic microorganisms. 12% of used cosmetics products contained more than 103 CFU/ml org 9. Campana et al. have studied 91 commer- cially available cosmetic products in order to verify the degree of possible microbiological contamination during their use by consumers. They have studied the intact product (at the time of purchase), the in-use products (after 14 days of use) and the ending product (post use). In all cases the contamination was found in ending products, while in one case it was observed in the in-use product. Also in the study, the preservative sys- tems of the two tested products were studied and they have showed long lasting antimicrobial activity
Ravita et al. have studied with post-consumer use cosmetic products in case of microbial contamination. In this study, densities of culturable aerobic microorganisms of used cosmetic products containing global (GPC) and non-global (NPC) was compared. Among the 96 samples, 28 samples did not yield culturable microorganisms. There was no signifi- cant difference between GPC and NPC samples 6. Preservative activity was not detected by a microbial challenge test in the previous study.
Hugbo et al. have studied with ten brands of commercially available cosmetic creams and lotions. After microbial investigations they have determined that all the products were contaminated to varying degrees. They came to the conclusion that the samples that they were tested did not generally meet the standards for microbial limits. In this study the investigators made a microbial challenge test for preservative activity but in the challenge test they have only used S. aureus as a bacteria and Aspergillus and Penicillum as molds. After the challenge test they have concluded that the preservatives did not possibly possess adequate pre- servative capacity
Zhang et al. has reported a study on hygienic microbe pollution for imported cosmetics during 2003-2006 and determined that 0.27% of the 4764 cosmetic samples have exceeded the maximum limits of “Hygienic Standard for Cosmetic” in China. As a result of their study they have reported that the quality of the imported cosmetics is satisfactory except sea-mud products whose microbes′ proportion exceeds the limitation se- verely
In our study, among 73 samples, in 10 samples microbial contami- nation was observed. In 5 samples total aerobic bacteria numbers were off the limits. Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not observed but Candida spp., Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli that are not allowed to be founding cosmetics were determined.
After the challenge test the preservative activity of all the products was shown to be ineffective because the microbial growth was not lim- ited with a reduction of 99.9%. At time zero, in 29 samples, C. albicans growth was not observed so the growth was limited with a reduction of 99.99% but to say that the preservative is effective this reduction should continue up to 7 days 3 however after 3 days C. albicans cell numbers were increased and a reduction was not observed. In P. aeru- ginosa, at time zero, in 26 samples microbial growth was limited with a reduction of 99.9% but after 3 days the P. aeruginosa cell numbers were increased. In E. coli, at time zero, in 8 samples microbial growth was limited with a reduction of 99.9% but after 3 days the E.coli cell num- bers were also increased. At time zero, in 8 samples S. aureus growth was also limited with a reduction of 99.9% however after 3 days S. au- reus cell numbers were increased and a reduction was not observed. The samples that showed preservative activity at time zero are generally the same samples for the tested microorganisms. These results indicate that the preservatives in the studied cosmetics samples are not effective to protect the samples from microbial contamination. The low number of contaminated samples despite the inactivity of preservatives in the samples is thought to be because of the consumers hygienic conditions itself because in our study the samples were all used by one consumer for long time periods. The risk of contamination may be even greater with “testers” at retail stores, where a number of people are using the same sample product