ResiliencyThis study sought to explore future orientation as an indica terjemahan - ResiliencyThis study sought to explore future orientation as an indica Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

ResiliencyThis study sought to expl

Resiliency
This study sought to explore future orientation as an indicator of resiliency. The results of this research suggest that future orientation is positively related to academic achievement and negatively to SES. The data suggest that future orientation significantly predicts academic achievement even after accounting for major demographic variables including grade, gender, and SES. The findings indicate that the extent to which African American adolescents are engaged in thinking about their future is related to their academic achievement.
Academic accomplishments are important for navigating the transition to gainful employment in adulthood. School policies and practices often inhibit efforts of minority students to prepare educationally for a successful school to work transition in adulthood. Systematic school-linked barriers facing minority youths, and particularly males, often result in repeated academic failure and discouragement regarding future occupational prospects (See Swanson & Spencer, 1999). Thus, investigating the future orientation and academic achievement of African American adolescents remains an important area of study.
Gender Differences
Gender differences in African American adolescents’ future orientation toward occupation were also observed. Females were more likely to be future oriented about their occupation than males. The gender differences identified may be related to issues including social and contextual influences and differential treatment by race and gender (Spencer et al, 1993). Wilson (1991) posits that the weak labor force attachment of some poor communities influences individuals’ self-efficacy and in turn the extent to which individuals think they can get ahead in life. Wilson’s (1997) ethnographic data also suggest that "in addition to the discrimination that African Americans face due to ethnic membership there are also discriminatory patterns based on gender, where employers have a clear preference for black females over black males" (p. 118). Thus, low-income African American adolescents may have a foreshortened future orientation about occupation due to the adversities of differential treatment (i.e., discrimination) and their social contexts (i.e., limited opportunities). A 19 year-old Hispanic male participating in Doucette-Gates’ (1999) research illustrates this point:
"I don’t have no time to think about the future, having all those pressures coming up, worry about somebody knocking you off or worrying about whether they come to rob your house or hurt your family" (p. 63).

Program Implications
The current research also has prevention and intervention implications. Program developers may wish to consider the mismatch between educational and occupational expectations of African American males and to focus on African American males as a particularly vulnerable group to racial discrimination, when designing or implementing a program. As Gibbs (1992) discusses, young African American males experience discrimination in multiple contexts including educational, judicial, mental health, and social welfare (p. 267).
Conversely and importantly, African American adolescent females must continue to be encouraged in their positive future orientation toward occupation. It is important to note that African American females and males did not differ in their future orientation about education and the self, although differences were found in the occupational domain. This suggests that there are important commonalities between females and males in how they see aspects of their future that may be drawn upon to lesson the disparities found within the occupational domain. Thus, the source of the disparities in African American females and males future orientation about occupation is an important area of further investigation.
There are prevention programs targeting aspects of future orientation that may be potentially useful for low-income adolescents. An example of one such program comes from Danish’s (1997) prevention program entitled, Going for the Goal. Two components of this program teach adolescents to identify positive life goals and to focus on the process, not the outcome, of goal attainment. The results of this prevention program have been very encouraging and include such findings as participants having better school attendance and the ability to achieve the goals they have set compared to non-participants. For males in particular, participants reported a decrease in violent and other problem behavior. Overall, prevention programs that include aspects of future orientation may be beneficial for adolescents in providing thoughtful and positive plans for their futures.
Summary
In conclusion, the present study suggests that future orientation is an important element in the lives of low-SES African American adolescents, particularly as they prepare for the transition into adulthood. The results of this research seeks to contribute to our knowledge of the positive strategies that some low-SES African American adolescents may have in overcoming the challenges associated with low-SES and may ultimately aid in the development of more effective intervention programs that will help the future lives of low-SES African American adolescents.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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KetahananPenelitian ini berusaha untuk menjelajahi orientasi masa depan sebagai indikator ketahanan. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa masa depan orientasi positif berhubungan untuk prestasi akademik dan negatif SES. Data menunjukkan bahwa masa depan orientasi secara signifikan memprediksi prestasi akademik bahkan setelah akuntansi untuk variabel-variabel demografik besar termasuk kelas, jenis kelamin dan SES. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa tingkat ke mana African American remaja terlibat dalam berpikir tentang masa depan mereka berhubungan dengan prestasi akademik mereka.Prestasi akademik penting untuk menavigasi transisi ke pekerjaan di masa dewasa. Sekolah kebijakan dan praktik sering menghambat upaya siswa minoritas untuk mempersiapkan pendidikan sekolah bekerja transisi di masa dewasa. Sistematis hambatan terkait dengan sekolah yang dihadapi minoritas pemuda, dan terutama laki-laki, sering mengakibatkan berulang akademik kegagalan dan keputusasaan mengenai prospek kerja masa depan (Lihat Swanson & Spencer, 1999). Dengan demikian, menyelidiki masa depan orientasi dan prestasi akademik African American remaja tetap penting bidang studi.Perbedaan genderPerbedaan gender di Afrika-Amerika remaja masa depan orientasi pendudukan juga diamati. Kaum perempuan lebih cenderung menjadi masa depan berorientasi tentang pekerjaan mereka daripada laki-laki. Perbedaan gender yang diidentifikasi mungkin terkait dengan isu-isu yang termasuk pengaruh sosial dan kontekstual dan perlakuan berbeda oleh ras dan jenis kelamin (Spencer et al, 1993). Wilson (1991) berpendapat bahwa lampiran angkatan tenaga kerja yang lemah dari beberapa masyarakat miskin mempengaruhi individu diri-khasiat dan pada gilirannya sejauh mana individu berpikir mereka dapat maju dalam kehidupan. Wilson's (1997) etnografi data juga menunjukkan bahwa "Selain diskriminasi yang Afrika Amerika menghadapi karena keanggotaan etnis yang terdapat pola diskriminasi berdasarkan gender, dimana majikan memiliki preferensi jelas untuk wanita hitam atas laki-laki hitam" (ms. 118). Dengan demikian, remaja African American berpenghasilan rendah mungkin memiliki orientasi masa depan yang foreshortened tentang pekerjaan karena kesengsaraan diferensial pengobatan (yaitu, diskriminasi) dan konteks sosial mereka (yaitu, kesempatan terbatas). 19 tahun Hispanik perempuan yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian Doucette-Gates (1999) menggambarkan hal ini:"Saya tidak punya waktu untuk berpikir tentang masa depan, memiliki semua tekanan yang datang, khawatir tentang seseorang mengetuk Anda dari atau khawatir tentang apakah mereka datang untuk merampok rumah Anda atau menyakiti keluarga Anda" (halaman 63). Implikasi programPenelitian saat ini juga mempunyai implikasi pencegahan dan intervensi. Pengembang program mungkin ingin mempertimbangkan ketimpangan antara harapan pendidikan dan pekerjaan laki-laki African American dan untuk fokus pada laki-laki African American sebagai satu kelompok yang sangat rentan untuk diskriminasi rasial, ketika merancang atau melaksanakan program. Saat membahas Gibbs (1992), laki-laki African American muda mengalami diskriminasi dalam beberapa konteks, termasuk pendidikan, peradilan, mental kesehatan dan kesejahteraan sosial (p. 267).Sebaliknya dan penting, African American wanita remaja harus terus didorong dalam orientasi masa depan positif terhadap pendudukan. Hal ini penting untuk dicatat bahwa African American perempuan dan laki-laki tidak berbeda dalam orientasi masa depan tentang pendidikan dan diri, walaupun perbedaan keduanya terdapat dalam domain kerja. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ada kesamaan yang penting antara perempuan dan laki-laki di bagaimana mereka melihat aspek masa depan yang dapat ditarik atas untuk pelajaran kesenjangan yang ditemukan dalam domain kerja. Dengan demikian, sumber kesenjangan dalam African American perempuan dan laki-laki orientasi masa depan tentang pekerjaan adalah bidang yang penting dari investigasi lebih lanjut.Ada program pencegahan yang menyasar aspek orientasi masa depan yang mungkin berpotensi berguna untuk remaja berpenghasilan rendah. Sebuah contoh dari salah satu program tersebut berasal dari Denmark (1997) program pencegahan berjudul, pergi untuk tujuan. Dua komponen dari program ini mengajar remaja untuk mengidentifikasi tujuan positif hidup dan berfokus pada proses, bukan hasil, pencapaian tujuan. Hasil program pencegahan ini telah sangat menggembirakan dan mencakup temuan tersebut sebagai peserta yang memiliki jumlah penonton sekolah yang lebih baik dan kemampuan untuk mencapai tujuan mereka telah menetapkan dibandingkan non-peserta. Untuk laki-laki khususnya, peserta melaporkan penurunan dalam masalah kekerasan dan perilaku. Secara keseluruhan, program pencegahan yang mencakup aspek orientasi masa depan mungkin bermanfaat untuk remaja dalam menyediakan bijaksana dan positif rencana untuk masa depan.RingkasanKesimpulannya, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa orientasi masa depan adalah unsur penting dalam kehidupan rendah-SES African American remaja, terutama karena mereka mempersiapkan diri untuk transisi ke masa dewasa. Hasil penelitian ini berusaha untuk memberikan kontribusi pengetahuan kita tentang strategi-strategi positif yang beberapa rendah-SES African American remaja mungkin memiliki dalam mengatasi tantangan yang terkait dengan rendah-SES dan akhirnya dapat membantu dalam pengembangan program intervensi yang lebih efektif yang akan membantu kehidupan masa depan rendah-SES African American remaja.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Resiliency
This study sought to explore future orientation as an indicator of resiliency. The results of this research suggest that future orientation is positively related to academic achievement and negatively to SES. The data suggest that future orientation significantly predicts academic achievement even after accounting for major demographic variables including grade, gender, and SES. The findings indicate that the extent to which African American adolescents are engaged in thinking about their future is related to their academic achievement.
Academic accomplishments are important for navigating the transition to gainful employment in adulthood. School policies and practices often inhibit efforts of minority students to prepare educationally for a successful school to work transition in adulthood. Systematic school-linked barriers facing minority youths, and particularly males, often result in repeated academic failure and discouragement regarding future occupational prospects (See Swanson & Spencer, 1999). Thus, investigating the future orientation and academic achievement of African American adolescents remains an important area of study.
Gender Differences
Gender differences in African American adolescents’ future orientation toward occupation were also observed. Females were more likely to be future oriented about their occupation than males. The gender differences identified may be related to issues including social and contextual influences and differential treatment by race and gender (Spencer et al, 1993). Wilson (1991) posits that the weak labor force attachment of some poor communities influences individuals’ self-efficacy and in turn the extent to which individuals think they can get ahead in life. Wilson’s (1997) ethnographic data also suggest that "in addition to the discrimination that African Americans face due to ethnic membership there are also discriminatory patterns based on gender, where employers have a clear preference for black females over black males" (p. 118). Thus, low-income African American adolescents may have a foreshortened future orientation about occupation due to the adversities of differential treatment (i.e., discrimination) and their social contexts (i.e., limited opportunities). A 19 year-old Hispanic male participating in Doucette-Gates’ (1999) research illustrates this point:
"I don’t have no time to think about the future, having all those pressures coming up, worry about somebody knocking you off or worrying about whether they come to rob your house or hurt your family" (p. 63).

Program Implications
The current research also has prevention and intervention implications. Program developers may wish to consider the mismatch between educational and occupational expectations of African American males and to focus on African American males as a particularly vulnerable group to racial discrimination, when designing or implementing a program. As Gibbs (1992) discusses, young African American males experience discrimination in multiple contexts including educational, judicial, mental health, and social welfare (p. 267).
Conversely and importantly, African American adolescent females must continue to be encouraged in their positive future orientation toward occupation. It is important to note that African American females and males did not differ in their future orientation about education and the self, although differences were found in the occupational domain. This suggests that there are important commonalities between females and males in how they see aspects of their future that may be drawn upon to lesson the disparities found within the occupational domain. Thus, the source of the disparities in African American females and males future orientation about occupation is an important area of further investigation.
There are prevention programs targeting aspects of future orientation that may be potentially useful for low-income adolescents. An example of one such program comes from Danish’s (1997) prevention program entitled, Going for the Goal. Two components of this program teach adolescents to identify positive life goals and to focus on the process, not the outcome, of goal attainment. The results of this prevention program have been very encouraging and include such findings as participants having better school attendance and the ability to achieve the goals they have set compared to non-participants. For males in particular, participants reported a decrease in violent and other problem behavior. Overall, prevention programs that include aspects of future orientation may be beneficial for adolescents in providing thoughtful and positive plans for their futures.
Summary
In conclusion, the present study suggests that future orientation is an important element in the lives of low-SES African American adolescents, particularly as they prepare for the transition into adulthood. The results of this research seeks to contribute to our knowledge of the positive strategies that some low-SES African American adolescents may have in overcoming the challenges associated with low-SES and may ultimately aid in the development of more effective intervention programs that will help the future lives of low-SES African American adolescents.
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