1Hello World: Introducing Spatial Data1.1 Applied Spatial Data Analysi terjemahan - 1Hello World: Introducing Spatial Data1.1 Applied Spatial Data Analysi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1Hello World: Introducing Spatial D

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Hello World: Introducing Spatial Data
1.1 Applied Spatial Data Analysis
Spatial data are everywhere. Besides those we collect ourselves (‘is it raining?’),
they confront us on television, in newspapers, on route planners, on computer
screens, and on plain paper maps. Making a map that is suited to its purpose
and does not distort the underlying data unnecessarily is not easy. Beyond
creating and viewing maps, spatial data analysis is concerned with questions
not directly answered by looking at the data themselves. These questions refer
to hypothetical processes that generate the observed data. Statistical inference
for such spatial processes is often challenging, but is necessary when we try
to draw conclusions about questions that interest us.
Possible questions that may arise include the following:
• Does the spatial patterning of disease incidences give rise to the conclusion
that they are clustered, and if so, are the clusters found related to factors
such as age, relative poverty, or pollution sources?
• Given a number of observed soil samples, which part of a study area is
polluted?
• Given scattered air quality measurements, how many people are exposed
to high levels of black smoke or particulate matter (e.g. PM10),1 and where
do they live?
• Do governments tend to compare their policies with those of their neighbours,
or do they behave independently?
In this book we will be concerned with applied spatial data analysis,meaning
that we will deal with data sets, explain the problems they confront us with,
and show how we can attempt to reach a conclusion. This book will refer to the
theoretical background of methods and models for data analysis, but emphasise
hands-on, do-it-yourself examples using R; readers needing this background
should consult the references. All data sets used in this book and all examples
given are available, and interested readers will be able to reproduce them.
1 Particulate matter smaller than about 10 ìm.
0/5000
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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1
Hello World: Introducing Spatial Data
1.1 Applied Spatial Data Analysis
Spatial data are everywhere. Besides those we collect ourselves (‘is it raining?’),
they confront us on television, in newspapers, on route planners, on computer
screens, and on plain paper maps. Making a map that is suited to its purpose
and does not distort the underlying data unnecessarily is not easy. Beyond
creating and viewing maps, spatial data analysis is concerned with questions
not directly answered by looking at the data themselves. These questions refer
to hypothetical processes that generate the observed data. Statistical inference
for such spatial processes is often challenging, but is necessary when we try
to draw conclusions about questions that interest us.
Possible questions that may arise include the following:
• Does the spatial patterning of disease incidences give rise to the conclusion
that they are clustered, and if so, are the clusters found related to factors
such as age, relative poverty, or pollution sources?
• Given a number of observed soil samples, which part of a study area is
polluted?
• Given scattered air quality measurements, how many people are exposed
to high levels of black smoke or particulate matter (e.g. PM10),1 and where
do they live?
• Do governments tend to compare their policies with those of their neighbours,
or do they behave independently?
In this book we will be concerned with applied spatial data analysis,meaning
that we will deal with data sets, explain the problems they confront us with,
and show how we can attempt to reach a conclusion. This book will refer to the
theoretical background of methods and models for data analysis, but emphasise
hands-on, do-it-yourself examples using R; readers needing this background
should consult the references. All data sets used in this book and all examples
given are available, and interested readers will be able to reproduce them.
1 Particulate matter smaller than about 10 ìm.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
1
Hello World: Memperkenalkan Data Spasial
1.1 Terapan Data Spasial Analisis
Spasial Data di mana-mana. Selain yang kami kumpulkan diri ('apakah hujan?'),
mereka kita hadapi di televisi, di koran-koran, pada perencana rute, komputer
layar, dan peta kertas biasa. Membuat peta yang cocok untuk tujuan
dan tidak mendistorsi data yang mendasari perlu tidak mudah. Di luar
menciptakan dan melihat peta, analisis data spasial yang bersangkutan dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaan
tidak langsung dijawab dengan melihat data diri. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini mengacu
pada proses hipotetis yang menghasilkan data yang diamati. Inferensi statistik
untuk proses spasial tersebut sering menantang, tetapi diperlukan ketika kita mencoba
untuk menarik kesimpulan tentang pertanyaan yang menarik minat kita.
pertanyaan Kemungkinan yang mungkin timbul adalah sebagai berikut:
• Apakah pola spasial kejadian penyakit menimbulkan kesimpulan
bahwa mereka berkerumun, dan jika demikian, yang cluster ditemukan terkait dengan faktor-faktor
seperti usia, kemiskinan relatif, atau sumber polusi?
• Mengingat sejumlah sampel tanah yang diamati, yang bagian dari wilayah studi yang
tercemar?
• Mengingat tersebar pengukuran kualitas udara, bagaimana banyak orang yang terkena
tingkat tinggi asap hitam atau partikulat (PM10 misalnya), 1 dan di mana
mereka tinggal?
• Apakah pemerintah cenderung untuk membandingkan kebijakan mereka dengan tetangga-tetangga mereka,
atau apakah mereka berperilaku independen?
Dalam buku ini kita akan peduli dengan diterapkan spasial analisis data, yang berarti
bahwa kita akan berurusan dengan set data, menjelaskan masalah yang mereka hadapi dengan,
dan menunjukkan bagaimana kita bisa berusaha untuk mencapai kesimpulan. Buku ini akan mengacu pada
latar belakang teoritis metode dan model untuk analisis data, tetapi menekankan
hands-on, do-it-yourself contoh menggunakan R; pembaca yang membutuhkan latar belakang ini
harus berkonsultasi dengan referensi. Semua set data yang digunakan dalam buku ini dan semua contoh
yang diberikan yang tersedia, dan pembaca tertarik akan dapat mereproduksi mereka.
1 Materi partikulat lebih kecil dari sekitar 10 im.
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