contain. This simplifies the writing, maintenance, and use of the clas terjemahan - contain. This simplifies the writing, maintenance, and use of the clas Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

contain. This simplifies the writin

contain. This simplifies the writing, maintenance, and use of the classes, because
their format is known from the definition. For a further discussion of
programming for classes and methods, see Sect. 6.1.
Because the classes provided by the sp package are new-style classes, we
will be seeing how such classes work in practice below. In particular, we will
be referring to the slots in class definitions; slots are specified in the definition
as the representation of what the class contains. Many methods are written
for the classes to be introduced in the remainder of this chapter, in particular
coercion methods for changing the way an object is represented from one class
to another. New-style classes can also check the validity of objects being created,
for example to stop the user from filling slots with data that do not
conform to the definition.
2.3 Spatial Objects
The foundation class is the Spatial class, with just two slots. The first is a
bounding box, a matrix of numerical coordinates with column names c(‘min’,
‘max’), and at least two rows, with the first row eastings (x-axis) and the
second northings (y-axis). Most often the bounding box is generated automatically
from the data in subclasses of Spatial. The second is a CRS class
object defining the coordinate reference system, and may be set to ‘missing’,
represented by NA in R, by CRS(as.character(NA)), its default value. Operations
on Spatial* objects should update or copy these values to the new
Spatial* objects being created. We can use getClass to return the complete
definition of a class, including its slot names and the types of their contents:
> library(sp)
> getClass("Spatial")
Slots:
Name: bbox proj4string
Class: matrix CRS
Known Subclasses:
Class "SpatialPoints", directly
Class "SpatialLines", directly
Class "SpatialPolygons", directly
Class "SpatialPointsDataFrame", by class "SpatialPoints", distance 2
Class "SpatialPixels", by class "SpatialPoints", distance 2
Class "SpatialGrid", by class "SpatialPoints", distance 3
Class "SpatialPixelsDataFrame", by class "SpatialPoints", distance 3
Class "SpatialGridDataFrame", by class "SpatialPoints", distance 4
Class "SpatialLinesDataFrame", by class "SpatialLines", distance 2
Class "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame", by class "SpatialPolygons",
distance 2
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contain. This simplifies the writing, maintenance, and use of the classes, becausetheir format is known from the definition. For a further discussion ofprogramming for classes and methods, see Sect. 6.1.Because the classes provided by the sp package are new-style classes, wewill be seeing how such classes work in practice below. In particular, we willbe referring to the slots in class definitions; slots are specified in the definitionas the representation of what the class contains. Many methods are writtenfor the classes to be introduced in the remainder of this chapter, in particularcoercion methods for changing the way an object is represented from one classto another. New-style classes can also check the validity of objects being created,for example to stop the user from filling slots with data that do notconform to the definition.2.3 Spatial ObjectsThe foundation class is the Spatial class, with just two slots. The first is abounding box, a matrix of numerical coordinates with column names c(‘min’,‘max’), and at least two rows, with the first row eastings (x-axis) and thesecond northings (y-axis). Most often the bounding box is generated automaticallyfrom the data in subclasses of Spatial. The second is a CRS classobject defining the coordinate reference system, and may be set to ‘missing’,represented by NA in R, by CRS(as.character(NA)), its default value. Operationspada Spatial * objek harus memperbarui atau menyalin nilai-nilai ini ke baruSpatial * benda-benda yang diciptakan. Kita dapat menggunakan getClass untuk kembali lengkapdefinisi kelas, termasuk nama-nama slot dan jenis isi:> library(sp)> getClass("Spatial")Slot:Nama: bbox proj4stringKelas: matriks CRSSubclass dikenal:Kelas "SpatialPoints", langsungKelas "SpatialLines", langsungKelas "SpatialPolygons", langsungKelas "SpatialPointsDataFrame", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 2Kelas "SpatialPixels", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 2Kelas "SpatialGrid", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 3Kelas "SpatialPixelsDataFrame", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 3Kelas "SpatialGridDataFrame", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 4Kelas "SpatialLinesDataFrame", dengan kelas "SpatialLines", jarak 2Kelas "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame", dengan kelas "SpatialPolygons",jarak 2
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mengandung. Ini menyederhanakan penulisan, pemeliharaan, dan penggunaan kelas, karena
format mereka diketahui dari definisi. Untuk diskusi lebih lanjut
pemrograman untuk kelas dan metode, lihat Sect. 6.1.
Karena kelas yang disediakan oleh paket sp adalah kelas gaya baru, kita
akan melihat bagaimana kelas tersebut bekerja dalam prakteknya di bawah ini. Secara khusus, kita akan
menjadi mengacu pada slot dalam definisi kelas; slot yang ditentukan dalam definisi
sebagai representasi dari apa yang kelas berisi. Banyak metode yang ditulis
untuk kelas yang akan diperkenalkan di sisa bab ini, khususnya
metode pemaksaan untuk mengubah cara objek diwakili dari satu kelas
ke yang lain. Kelas gaya baru juga dapat memeriksa validitas benda yang diciptakan,
misalnya untuk menghentikan pengguna dari mengisi slot dengan data yang tidak
sesuai dengan definisi.
2.3 Tata Ruang Objects
Kelas yayasan adalah kelas Tata Ruang, dengan hanya dua slot. Yang pertama adalah
kotak berlari, matriks koordinat numerik dengan nama kolom c ('min',
'max'), dan setidaknya dua baris, dengan eastings baris pertama (x-axis) dan
northings kedua (y-axis ). Paling sering berlari kotak dihasilkan secara otomatis
dari data dalam subclass Tata Ruang. Yang kedua adalah kelas CRS
​​objek mendefinisikan sistem referensi koordinat, dan mungkin diatur ke 'hilang',
yang diwakili oleh NA di R, oleh CRS (as.character (NA)), nilai default. Operasi
pada Tata Ruang objek * harus memperbarui atau menyalin nilai-nilai ini ke yang baru
Tata Ruang objek * sedang dibuat. Kita dapat menggunakan getClass untuk mengembalikan lengkap
definisi kelas, termasuk nama slot dan jenis isinya:
> library (sp)
> getClass ("Tata Ruang")
Slot:
Nama: BBOX proj4string
Kelas: matriks CRS
​​Subclass Dikenal:
Kelas "SpatialPoints", langsung
Kelas "SpatialLines", langsung
Kelas "SpatialPolygons", langsung
Kelas "SpatialPointsDataFrame", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 2
Kelas "SpatialPixels", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 2
Kelas "SpatialGrid", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 3
Kelas "SpatialPixelsDataFrame", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 3
Kelas "SpatialGridDataFrame", dengan kelas "SpatialPoints", jarak 4
Kelas "SpatialLinesDataFrame", dengan kelas "SpatialLines", jarak 2
Kelas "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame", oleh class "SpatialPolygons",
jarak 2
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